Friday, November 29, 2019

Crime Prevention Programs in the State of California

Introduction The State of California aims to achieve a safe as well as drug-free community through enforcement of various prevention programs. The state officers have the duty to prevent targeted crimes in cooperation with the local as well as federal officers. They are also assisted by the local community members. One of the programs that have been implemented by the state is the Gang Violence Suppression Program which was created through the California Penal Code, Chapter 3.5 (Davis, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Crime Prevention Programs in the State of California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The program aims to minimize gang violence within the California community. It also aims to change potentially dangerous activities of gangs into more valuable as well as constructive behavior. The program helps remove dangerous weapons such as guns, explosives among others from the street. It remove s violent offenders such as career criminals as well as repeat offenders from the streets of California. The program uses CALGANG Information System to track gangs as well as their members which is necessary for investigating gang-related crimes. GVS program therefore provides funds to the California Department of Justice to operate the CALGANG System since it is the lead agency among the components of the GVS Program. Purpose The purpose of the study is to analysis the success and the effectiveness of Gang Violence Suppression Program in California. Thesis Statement The Gang Violence Suppression Program has achieved significant success in reducing gangs and gang-related crimes. Reasons for establishment According to Justia US Law (2009), it was realized by the California legislature that gang violence and gang activities were fast growing in the state. School age pupils and students were also not left out in this and their level of involvement was increasing. Besides, there were se veral schools that provided education to many youths who were involved in gang activities; however, these schools were not able to effectively implement programs which could help prevent the students from getting involved in gang activities since there was no statewide funded program in institutions for such purposes.Advertising Looking for research paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The legislature also found evidence that the parents of those involved in gangs do not have appropriate parenting skills considering that the youths get involved in gangs while still young. Gang involvement is usually a result of lack of positive role models (Justia US Law, 2009). Gang Violence Suppression Program was therefore established to support the district attorneys’ offices in prosecuting offenders involved in gang violence; and the local law-enforcement agencies in crime and criminal identification, inv estigation as well as apprehension of suspected offenders of gang violence. It was also implemented to assist county probation departments to provide extensive supervision to gang members on probation. It was also established to support prevention as well as intervention of gang violence through school districts. Finally, it was found that it was necessary to achieve gang violence suppression through community-based organizations (Justia US Law, 2009). Elements of the Gang Violence Suppression Program Suppression activities involved in the GVS Program include the use of computerized criminal identification as well as tracking systems, community based organizations, vertical prosecution in addition to specialized police response (Davis 2003). It also applies intensive probation supervision and education provision through schools. Specialized police response This component of GVS Program focuses mainly on developing expert gang units in law enforcement agencies so as to help in invest igation, identification as well as apprehension of offenders involved in gang violence. The specialized law enforcement divisions work together with other agencies funded by the program to address gang violence problems within the community. They share intelligence information as well as strategies. They are responsible for providing crime analysis especially in gang related crimes as well as the gangs and their members. They also facilitate processes of community policing with an aim of achieving gang suppression. The law enforcement division is also responsible for enforcing curfew as well as truancy violations. Prosecution The prosecution component carries out vertical prosecution criminals found to be involved in violent gangs. This is done by specialized prosecutors while ensuring protection to cooperating witnesses from acts of retribution as well as intimidation that could come from gang members.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Crime Prevention Programs in the State of California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They provide existing information particularly on prosecution patterns for gang-related crimes so as to help in crime analysis. They also defend against pretrial release of criminals involved violent crimes and are awaiting trial and also minimize the plea bargaining by such offenders. Probation This component is responsible for providing intensive supervision to offenders identified to belong to violent gangs and is put on probation so as to ensure that they adhere to the conditions of their probation. Probation component works hand in hand with law enforcement as well as prosecution agencies in enforcing some specific provisions of probation which are used for monitoring gang members who are on probation. Prevention Here, community based organizations help in preventing as well as intervening in impending violent gang activities. They communicate and mediate with such gang members who live in the community. It also provides gang awareness education to adult members of the community and counseling programs. The component ensures cooperative working relationship among all the components by providing cultural as well as linguistic support. Education The program provides gang violence prevention as well as intervention services to violent gang activities that could occur in schools. Specialized gang units are used to train school administrators, students and teachers on gang activity indicators and proper responses. Effectiveness of GVS Program Combined efforts of law enforcement, justice and probation institutions, community organizations and schools have produced significant results in fighting violent gangs and related crimes. According to Davis (2003) studies have shown that vertical prosecution of offenders involved in gangs and related crimes has been a very effective approach. The program has lead to reduced caseloads due to vertical pros ecution; has promoted additional investigative support; and has also provided resources for supporting victims. The program has also promoted more convictions of gang members and violent offenders. It has improved the level of commitments within the state prisons. It has provided support to the fight against narcotics crossing its borders and within the community. The law enforcement aggressively investigates tips on drug as well as gang related activity within the community. The program helps to remove hard-core gang members who live in the community since there is intense supervision on them (Everhart Kirby, 2003). In addition, the knowledge of the repercussions for getting involved in gang-related activities discourages other youths from active involvement. It reduces the street gang subculture through education.Advertising Looking for research paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Statistical Analysis of the success of the program Statistical data of the activities of the GVS Program have shown that the program has been very effective The table below shows the progress report of the program between 1998 and 2001. The report revealed that significant accomplishments of the objectives of the law enforcement component. Measurements 98-99 99-00 00-01 Total Funds allocated $1,717,863 $1,518,205 $1,508,205 $4,744,273 Individuals identified as gang members 14,392 20,567 25,595 60,554 Crimes investigated by special GVS unit 1,772 1,973 1,751 5,496 Gang members arrested 3,037 3,456 2,846 9,339 Extracted from Davis (2003); Gang Violence Suppression Program In the period of 2001-2004, the program’s law enforcement arm received funding of about $1,203,639. During this period, individuals who were identified as belonging to gangs were 15,383 and the crimes that were investigated by the specialized unit were 1,893 while members of gangs who were arrest ed were 1,961 (Davis, 2003). The table below shows the accomplishments that were made by the prosecution component in 1998-2001. Measurements 98-99 99-00 00-01 Total Funds allocated $1,140,332 $1,014,458 $996,675 $3,151,465 Program gang defendants prosecuted 976 857 1,081 2,914 Program gang defendants in continuous custody through case completion 618 508 440 1,566 Defendants prosecuted using vertical prosecution for all stages 569 372 487 1,428 Defendants with cases completed by plea to the most serious charge 362 330 334 1,026 Defendants with cases completed by trial 119 103 97 319 Defendants convicted of the most serious charge received the most severe sentence for the charge 349 115 231 695 Gang defendants convicted of any charge 574 527 607 1,708 Defendants sent to jail/youth camps 375 317 391 1,083 Witnesses provided with protection services 105 57 50 212 Extracted from Davis (2003); Gang Violence Suppression Program According to 2008/09 performance st atistics of the California Emergency Management Agency, 1,520 suspected gang members were arrested and out of that, 487 were convicted. During the same period, the GVS attorney prosecuted 267 gang-related cases. 298 offenders were put under intensive probation supervision. The education arm was also able to provide education services to 391 individuals as 194 received prevention services from the community based organizations (California Emergency Management Agency, 2011). Impacts of societal factor on GVS Program Community engagement Local experience has shown that community involvement in crime prevention, intervention as well as suppression provides greater chance of success. Engaging the community members through community-based programs have helped in mediating with gang members in the community and providing counseling to both parents and elders of the community. Community-based organizations provide tips to the law enforcement on potential gang activity and also help in inves tigations. Community engagement has enhanced the law enforcement’s community policing program. Poor parenting skills Parents are less committed to responsible parenting activities and have let their children carefree providing them with the room to get involved in gang activity. Youths enter criminal gangs at an early age due to lack of proper counseling and guidance. According to Mendoza (2010), children join these gangs as early as age 12-14. They also lack good role models. Community norm In some areas within the state, gang violence or crime is the norm of the community making it had to achieve significant gang violence suppression. The community is used to experiencing such crimes and they therefore find it hard to report them since they fear the potential repercussions. It is therefore difficult to implement measures that could prevent violence. Drug peddling and abuse Substance abuse as well as the easy access to alcohol has greatly influenced youths’ involvemen t in gang activity. According to Mendoza (2010) substance abuse increases crime and also provides self-medication for both psychological and mental illness. On the other hand, criminal gangs usually depend on revenue from the sale of drugs. Violence erupts time and again whenever gang leaders in certain neighborhood do not receive their share from the sale of drugs. This restrains GVS Program’s reduction objectives. Technological advancements Technological advancements applied in the law enforcement tracking as well as managing gang crime by the law enforcement component of the program include computerized information systems, tracking, computerized mapping, as well as offender identification (Baca, 2007). Computerized system is also used in object-oriented databases (US Department of Justice, 2000). The Gang Violence Suppression Program uses the CALGANG Information System to carry out computerized gang geomapping such that it is able to track the locations gangs as well as g ang-related gun violence. Hotspots of gang crimes as well as youth services are linked by this system. The system is used for managing data on gangs, gang members and criminal patterns and this is used for gangs and gang activity analysis. The program has therefore been very effective in gang activity intervention, prevention as well as suppression. Conclusion Law enforcement agencies need to apply broad-based multidisciplinary collaborative units which have representatives from probation, prosecution, schools, community-based organizations and the law enforcement itself. They should focus enforcement efforts which aim at reducing hard-core gang members, providing safety planning to schools and mobilizing community-based organizations. The California Gang Violence Suppression program has been able to effectively reduce gangs as well as gang activities. It has been able to achieve most of its objectives through its five components. Through coordination of its components it has been a ble to effectively respond to gang criminal activities as well as complaints from citizens concerning gang problems within the community including fighting narcotics crossing its borders. Reference List Baca, L. D. (2007). Southern California gang suppression intervention operations center: Los Angeles office. Web. Davis, G. (2003). Gang violence suppression program. Final evaluation report. California: Governor’s Office Criminal Justice Planning. Web. Everhart, M. P. A., Kirby, L. (2003). California gang violence suppression program final evaluation report. Sacramento, CA: National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Justia US Law. (2009). California penal code – section 13826-13826.7; Chapter 3.5. Gang violence suppression. Web. Mendoza, G. B. (2010). Salinas comprehensive strategy for community-wide violence reduction. Web. US Department of Justice. (2000). Youth gangs programs and strategies. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. Th e California Emergency Management Agency. (2011). Gang violence suppression program. Web. This research paper on Crime Prevention Programs in the State of California was written and submitted by user Karly V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Test Review Essay

Test Review Essay Test Review Essay 12/10/14 Revew for History Test Section 1: Acts Sugar Act- Stamp Act- They create the Stamp Act Congress after this act, this congress successfully repeals the stamp act Tea Act lead to the Boston Tea Party Townshend Act Intolerable Act/Coercive Act- closes Boston Harbor Quartering Act- lead to the Boston Massacre Know about the Boston Massacre First Continental Congress established: Minutemen Declaration of Rights NO more taxes No more soldiers Trade can be regulated Lexington Secret alarm system Paul Revere, Jeremy, Dawes Revere gets captured We loss this battle Concord They were more organized and ready. They won Section 2 2nd Continental Congress They set up a military And official currency Peace or necessity of taking up arms Battle of Bunker Hill- Loss The British siege Boston Washington pushes loyalists out to Canada. Declaration of Independence Inspiration: John Locke: natural rights (life, liberty, and property) and the government needs to protect those rights. Thomas’s Paine â€Å"Common Sense† Mayflower Compact Bill of Rights Magna Carta Declaration of Independence: Preamble Grievances or complaints Taxes without representation Troops ( Martial Law) Quartering They called a king a tyrant Unfair trials because they were trialed in Britain Section 3 Women helped: Boycotts Helping out/supplies Nurse Messengers Dressed as soldiers African Americans fought for the British because Lord Dumore’s Proclamation promised they would have their freedom

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Coase Theorem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coase Theorem - Essay Example Ronald Coase stipulated that transaction costs that are found in the real world are not sufficiently low to create room for efficient bargaining, and thus an indication that the theory cannot be applied to reveal economic reality. Nevertheless, Coase theorem is regarded as the basis for economic analysis, especially in the event of government regulation when externalities are present (Walter, 2001). Based on the essay The Nature of the Firm, Coase offered an explanation as to why an economy comprises of various firms as opposed to a large number of independent and self-employed individuals who undertake contracts with each other. Since it is possible to undertake a transaction without the presence of any organization, Coase was puzzled on the appropriate conditions that should be imposed to facilitate for the emergence of firms (Walter, 2001). Today, most firms emerge when an entrepreneur begins to employ people. In this perspective, Coase considers the appropriate conditions under which it would be sensible for an entrepreneur to pursue for the help of employees instead of contracting out to facilitate for the completion of a certain task. While using the market, there are various transaction costs involved because the cost of acquiring a good or service through the market is above the usual price. Other additional costs comprise of those involved while searching for information, bargaining, policing, enforcement, and in keeping secrets of trade (Coase, 1988). All these costs significantly raise the cost of acquiring something from a different party. This reveals that firms emerge in order to internalize the production process to facilitate for the delivery of a product, and hence avoid these costs. Coase notes that a natural limit prevails that provides a limit as to the extent to which a firm should produce internally (Buchanan, 2005). Also there are times when a manager to an organization may make

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

The trade relations between China and the U.S Essay

The trade relations between China and the U.S - Essay Example (Morrison 4). Currently, China’s market for U.S products is estimated to be worth $300 billion judging from the exports from U.S to China and the total sales of U.S firms based in China (Morrison 8). As such, U.S-China trade ties have defied all the odds to remain strong with prospects of increase in trade despite the differences between the two trading partners. One aspect that makes trade between China and U.S interesting phenomena is the growing trade ties despite the complex relationships marked by major tensions. One of the major challenges that results in these tensions, in the trade is the difference in the market economies of the two countries, which though significant has been overlooked in the developing trade ties between the two countries. While U.S is a capitalist country that favors free economy policies, China has adamantly resisted the move to shift to a free economy market despite the growing pressure from the global markets (Morrison 26). As such, the country still imposes policies that lead to distortion of trade and investments. Some of the areas that have resulted in trade tensions include China’s poor policies in the management of intellectual property rights (Morrison 28). Others as Morrison explains are an increasing tendency where some Chinese firms are involved in cyber espionage against many U.S firms, a mov e that had threatened relations between the two countries. As such, the growing trade between the two countries has defied such tensions, which may suggest the two counties hold resources of strategic impotence in international trade, which overshadows the existing tensions. Government intervention in the Chinese market is another concept that affects the trade ties between the two countries, and impacts negatively on U.S. Some of the political factors include the reluctance of China to meet its obligations as set out by the World Trade Organization, use of market policies that force foreign firms to transfer technology

Monday, November 18, 2019

Case Study 3 - TechSoup Global and NetSquared Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

3 - TechSoup Global and NetSquared - Case Study Example According to Greenberg (2009) NPOs particularly benefit from social media as compared to traditional communication methods mainly because communication via social media brings prospects for the organization costs getting lowered along with the lowering of cost of delivering services. Also the idea of being a part of the emergence of new social patters is highly promising for the Non Profit Organizations as compared to association with the conventional traditional communication means. Merilainen (2011) narrates that since the main aim of NPOs and NGOs is to make their point of views prevalent into the public and to political agendas communication is extremely essential for them. The main aim is to involve public opinion into their proposed changes and thoughts and gain favor from the masses. This purpose is served without the involvement of any finances via social media. The propagation via social media is also thought to get more responses since people can affirm their opinions and s upport free of cost and they do not have to physically get involved in the scenario. This flexibility of use promotes the involvement of public. ... Social networks are forums where all kinds of individuals and organizations make the impression of their virtual entity. Entertainment personnel and politicians make use of the popularity and widespread reach of the Social Networks and social media. They are usually active on these communication mediums and can therefore be reached very easily via it. Common public is also one of the potential audiences that the NPOs would try to reach. The promoting of their causes would be done well if the support of the common masses is with them. Regarding the potential means of accessing NPO audiences via Social Networks and Social Media Lassila (2010) mentions that Social Network Services incorporate viral marketing as one of their main marketing strategies. It is via viral marketing only that Non Profit Organizations are enabled to reach massive number of audiences. The author quotes the example of American Red Cross who incorporated the SNS viral marketing strategy and spread their messages t o their audiences via their celebrity followers on twitter. Inside Facebook.com's author Smith advises the NPO's marketers that the trusted referrals within social media are the most powerful marketing message. Via viral marketing available in Social Media NGOs and NPOs can segment their target audience groups based on persons' interests. This way the audience feel the messages of the NPOs to be more personalized and get inclined towards them. Via the viral messaging to all kinds of audiences on social media the NGOs can also tell about their donation possibilities (Regan, 2011). One advantage of this strategy is that personal presentations of the NPOs get enhanced as a result of it

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Comparison of Different Ibuprofen Dosage Forms

Comparison of Different Ibuprofen Dosage Forms Both ibuprofen gel and ibuprofen tablet produced similar efficacy in terms of pain relief in their respective groups. However, lower dose was administered in gel dosage form and fewer side effects were observed, in comparison to ibuprofen tablet. Patients consuming ibuprofen oral suspension reached the therapeutic effect at a quicker rate and were in that period for a longer duration compared to the other dosage forms. This suggested that it caused faster pain relief for a longer duration compared to ibuprofen tablets and ibuprofen chewable tablets. Introduction Ibuprofen (Figure 1) is chemically known as iso-butyl-propanoic-phenolic acid. It is a well known drug that belongs to a class of therapeutic agents known as non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID). It possesses antipyretic (fever reducing) and anti-inflammatory (reduces inflammation) properties among others (i.e. anti-platelet effect). It is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation in rheumatic disease and other musculoskeletal disorders including minor aches and discomfort 78. A recent report showed ibuprofen had analgesic (pain-relieving) properties. This was shown by testing analgesic properties of ibuprofen on a mouse writhing and an inflamed rat foot. It showed there was similarity of analgesic activity in both species. However, ibuprofen failed to show analgesic activity in the normal foot of the rat or in the mouse hotplate test. Therefore it was established that ibuprofen is not a central, but a peripheral analgesic 13. Ibuprofen has fewer side effects than any other NSAID; however its anti-inflammatory properties are weaker than others. Doses of 1.6-2.4g are required daily for rheumatoid arthritis. It is unsuitable for conditions where inflammation is prominent such as acute group 8. Ibuprofen was discovered by Dr. Stewart Adams and his team (Figure 2) 3 in the 1950s, at Boots Company. The drug was patented in the 1960s and was initially marketed under the name Brufen. Initially the drug was tested on hangover, but the drug was launched for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in UK (1969) and USA (1974) 3. The mechanism of action of ibuprofen is not completely understood. However, ibuprofen is known to be a non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 (COX-1 and COX-2). COX is an enzyme that is involved in the production prostaglandins 8. Prostaglandins have an important role in the production of pain, inflammation and fever 13. Following administration of ibuprofen, it is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the whole body. The drug is eliminated through the kidneys 14. Ibuprofen is a derivative of phenylpropionic acid (Figure 3) 4. It contains a chiral centre (Carbon), therefore is non-superposable on its mirror image 2. This gives rise to enantiomers, resulting in two possible structures of ibuprofen. The importance of enantiomers is that all amino acids (apart from glycine) have a chiral centre. Amino acids are the fundamental blocks of enzymes and proteins in all forms of life including humans. Thus suggesting the human body is controlled by chiral molecules and effectively is a chiral environment. This results in different enantiomers having different effect on the body, including metabolism, toxicity to name a few 1. These enatiomers exist as (S) and (R)-enantiomers (Figure 4) 4. It was found that (S)-ibupofen was the active form in, in vitro and in vivo 2. Ibuprofen began to be marketed as a single enantiomer ((S)-isomer) so the selectivity and potency of ibuprofen could be improved. However, further in vivo testing led to the inactive (R)-ibuprofen to rapidly convert to active (S)-ibuprofen. Therefore the single enantiomer was scrapped and ibuprofen was to be marketed as a racemic mixture (50% of each enantiomers) 2, even now it is the same. Another reason was the likeliness of producing pure (S)-ibuprofen was too expensive on a large scale. The difference between both the enantiomers is the way the atoms are arranged and connected to the chiral centre. In the (S)-isomer the CH3 group is in the back, whereas in the (R)-isomer it is at the front. Since being launched it is widely available all over the world as over the counter (OTC), prescription only medicine (POM) and general sale list (GSL) products. In all countries over the world they are available under different names, formulations, strengths etc. In North America (Canada), ibuprofen is known as Motrin and Advil. In South America (Brazil) it is known as Alivium and Advil 5. Different countries have different guidelines and policies regarding selling and prescribing of ibuprofen. People are not just restricted to pharmacies but they can be obtained in supermarkets, general retailers etc. In many parts of the world including Australia and New Zealand, ibuprofen lysine is licensed for the same treatment as ibuprofen. Ibuprofen lysine is the salt form of ibuprofen and is the cationic form. As ibuprofen lysine has a net positive charge, it is more soluble than ibuprofen allowing the drug to be administered intravenously. This makes ibuprofen lysine to have a greater onset time of action than ibuprofen 15. Since 1977, World Health Organisation (WHO) has been producing a model list of essential medicines. This list is updated every 2 years and is known as List of WHO Essential Medicines. Ibuprofen is the only NSAID present in the list among other classes (opoids, antimetabolites etc) 6. It is classed as a core medicine, which means it is an essential drug for basic healthcare. The drugs listed are the most effective, safe and cost effective medicines for conditions that are a priority. This priority conditions are on the basis of present and future public health relevance. The drugs present on the list are recognised throughout the world. Ibuprofen tablets (200mg and 400mg) are present for the treatment of gout and rheumatoid arthritis. Also present is ibuprofen solution, which is used as an injection (5mg/ml). It is used in neonatal care for the treatment of mild to moderate pain 68. Discussion The most important role of a drug delivery system is to get the drug delivered to the site of action in sufficient amount and at the appropriate rate. This can be achieved by a predictable therapeutic response of the drug 11. However it must meet essential requirements, which include physical chemical stability, ability to be economically mass produced in a manner that assures the proper amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is present in each dosage and patient acceptability 9. It can be seen from Table 1 11, different dosage forms have different time of onset of action. Table 1: Shows the variation in time of onset of action for different dosage forms. It can be seen that intravenous injection is the most superior dosage form in terms of time of onset of action, as it takes seconds to produce an effect. Depot injections and implants take days to produce an effect. Tablets are one of the most popular ways of delivering a drug through the oral route. Tablets are solid preparations each containing a single and accurate dose of active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) (API). They are completed by compressing or compacting uniform volume of particles to a solid dose 10. There are different types of tablets available; they include effervescent/soluble, modified release etc. The aim of the modified release tablet is it enables the biopharmaceutical behaviour of the drug to be controlled. Many tablets are available that have coatings; these include film or sugar coating. All these tablets exist and are formed by the incorporation of different types of excipients 11. They vary in shape, colour, size, design etc 10. Tablets are popular for several reasons including the oral route to be the most safest and convenient route of administration. Compared to other dosage forms such as liquid, they are far superior in terms of chemical and physical stability. The procedure enables accurate and precise dosing of the API 11. These are a few among a large list. Drawbacks include elderly having difficulty swallowing, irritation and harm to the GIT, possibly leading to liver and kidney damage. Examples of ibuprofen tablets include Anadin, Ibuprofen tablets etc. Effervescent formulation is a type of immediate release tablet, as the tablet is dissolved and administered as a solution. This is the most common type of tablet 11. They are used to obtain rapid drug action. Effervescent tablets are placed into a glass of water, where carbon dioxide is liberated. The carbon dioxide is produced by a reaction in the water between a carbonate or bicarbonate and a weak acid. Once liberated, this helps tablet disintegration and drug dissolution. Then the water with the drug is administered. Effervescent formulations of ibuprofen commonly use a carbonate to assist in the liberation of carbon dioxide, such as Anadin LiquiFast 200mg Effervescent Tablets 16. Effervescent formulations can be prepared in two ways: direct compaction or compaction through granulation 11. They are produced in the same manner as conventional tablets; however production must occur in low humidity areas 17. Examples of ibuprofen effervescent tablets include Advil, Ibuprofen losan effervescent tablet etc. Gel is a semi-solid, topical formulation. It is formed by aggregation of particles and interpenetrated by a liquid. The particles are linked together forming a network thus imparting rigidity to the structure. The continuous phase is held together by meshes 11. Gels tend to be epicutaneous, it is directly applied to the skin, and works by diffusing through the skin. There is a liquid phase that may be retained within a three dimensional polymer matrix. Drugs can be suspended in the matrix or dissolved in the liquid phase. They tend to be aqueous gels that is applied to the body surfaces such as skin or used as lubricant. A few advantages of gels include it avoids drug absorption in the gastrointestinal, therefore reducing side effects. It avoids first pass metabolism suggesting more drug is present in the systematic circulation. They are cheap to manufacture and have a localised effect, hence greater pain relief 12. Examples of ibuprofen gels include Ibuleve, Ibugel etc. A suspension is a coarse dispersion of sparingly soluble or insoluble drugs dispersed in a liquid medium; oily or aqueous vehicle. The aqueous solution is a beneficial formulation as it provides administration of poorly soluble or insoluble drug. As the drug is dispersed, it provides a large surface area which ensures high bioavailability for dissolution thus absorption 11. Aqueous suspensions can be used for oral, topical, ophthalmic and parenteral administration of drugs. The rheological properties are affected by the degree of flocculation. This is because the quantity of free continuous phase is decreased as it is entrapped in the diffused follicles 11. From Figure 5 9, the process involved in the formation of suspensions can be seen. The flocculated state (C) can be reached directly or indirectly. The direct method includes wetting and dispersing of hydrophobic particles (A) with a surfactant. The indirect approach includes first wetting and dispersing to form a peptized particle (B) with a surfactant, and then flocculating with a hydrophillic colloid. Flocculated suspensions (C) are considered stable, compared to peptized particles, and they can be re-suspended through agitation. Over-flocculation can be caused through high amount of flocculating agent, which tends to cause agglomeration (E). If the protective colloid agent is not present, the process of crystal growth is indicated by the arrow connecting (A) to (D) 9. Examples of ibuprofen suspensions include Nurofen, Calprofen etc. Chewable tablets, as the name suggests is placed in the mouth and chewed. Thus the tablet is mechanically disintegrated in the mouth. However, the drug is dissolved in the stomach or intestine once swallowed and not in the mouth. This formulation is intended so the drug is immediately released, just like effervescent tablets 11. They also have similar composition to conventional tablets, apart from disintegrant is not present. This formulation can be useful as many patients (e.g. elderly) have difficulties swallowing tablets, therefore this can be an alternative dosage form. It can also be administered without the aid of water. It also complies with patient compliance. Examples of ibuprofen chewable tablets include Motrin, Advil etc. Comparison of conventional tablet and effervescent formulation In a report comparing the antinociceptive effect of both conventional and effervescent tablets, it was discovered that the mean plasma concentration of ibuprofen effervescent formulation was far greater than the conventional tablet 60 minutes after intake. This showed that more API (ibuprofen) is present in the blood, thus more drug is being absorbed by the body in the effervescent formulation than in the conventional tablet. This showed that the effervescent formulation produced a faster pain relief as it had a faster onset of action. The effervescent dosage form also appears to have a more consistent effect on intensity estimates of painful stimuli than tablets 18. The chemo-somatosensory event related potentials were also investigated and it was concluded that after 60 minutes of administration of the ibuprofen tablet, there was a decrease of 20-25% in bioavailability. As there was a large drop (a quarter of the bioavailability), it shows there is 20-25% less ibuprofen present in the blood thus less API is being absorbed. This means a higher dose of ibuprofen tablet (20-25%) is required to have the same effect as initially thought 18. The effervescent formulation is far more effective in terms of chemo-somatosensory. This is because greater amount of carbonate is present; therefore after dissolution a buffered solution is attained. This increases the pH of the stomach resulting in the emptying of the stomach at a rapid rate and the residence time of ibuprofen in the stomach is short. This ensures that ibuprofen-induced gastric irritation and other side effects can be avoided 11. Ibuprofen effervescent tablet is readily absorbed in the small intestine; ensuring fast drug bioavailability 11. In another report, Lange and Schettler showed that effervescent formulations of ibuprofen produced a higher maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) than the conventional tablet in a shorter duration. The same as the previous report 19. In respect to antinociceptive and chemo-somatosensory activity, the effervescent formulation is superior to the conventional tablet. To consume the ibuprofen tablet you require water to administer it. While with the ibuprofen effervescent formulation it requires water so the tablet can disintegrate. Effervescent formulations also have to be manufactured at a low humidity area compared to the conventional tablets. This is to avoid moisture content, light and oxygen and this procedure is more costly than the conventional tablet. Effervescent tablets also have to be packaged in waterproof containers which have aluminium foil present which ensures protection, otherwise in ambient conditions it would degrade and reduce the shelf-life 11. If the shelf-life is reduced this would increase the cost, as more effervescent tablets would have to be manufactured over the same duration. An example of an effervescent tablet is Anadin LiquiFast 200mg Effervescent Tablets (Figure 6) 20 and a conventional tablet is Nurofen Tablets (Figure 7) 21. Figure 6: Shows Anadin Effervescent Tablets Figure 7: Shows Nurofen Tablets Comparison of conventional tablet and a topical gel There was a report comparing the oral (tablet) and topical (gel) ibuprofen for chronic knee pain. Ibuprofen tablets were taken 3 times daily (2400mg total) and the ibuprofen gel 4% was applied 4 times daily (320mg total) over a duration of 2 weeks 22. The aim was to compare the efficacy of both formulations in chronic knee pain. Both the treatment groups were comparable in terms of baseline pain severity and demographic composition, this ensured a fair test. When the patients took their respective ibuprofen medications, they reported side effects. With the administration of the tablets, 7 patients (out of 10) reported side effects which included headache, stomach-ache and constipation. For the application of the gel, 2 patients (out of 9) suffered a side effect which included an acute skin rash and dizziness. This implies that over two-thirds of the patients taking the oral formulation reported a side effect, and for the topical formulation less than third reported a side effect. As a result there were fewer side effects associated with the topical formulation compared to the oral formulation 22. In both treatments, the patients experienced consistent relief and improvements in terms of pain and stiffness. There was no distinguishable difference between both groups in term of improvements. Both the treatment groups were similar and no group was better than the other. However, the oral group ranked their treatment more convenient as it met patient adherence. Comparing the physical function and relief of pain and stiffness, it shows the oral ibuprofen treatment saw notable improvements. In the topical ibuprofen treatment there were significant improvements over the two week duration. However for the oral treatment there was a decline in the improvement of the drug in the second week. Also in the topical treatment, the patients encountered within-group improvements which led to the assumption that it was due to the potential benefits of massaging. The topical ibuprofen was applied to the skin therefore there was less amount of drug was present in the blood compared to ibuprofen tablets. This avoided both the systemic side effects and adverse drug interactions (e.g. aspirin), unlike the oral ibuprofen 22. The total daily dose of the topical ibuprofen was 320mg, which is a small fraction compared to the oral ibuprofen (2400mg). However, similar clinical outcomes were produced using both treatments. Another report concluded a study where the patients were receiving equivalent doses of oral and topical formulations. During the topical application greater concentrations of ibuprofen were found in the subcutaneous tissue, which led to the assumption as more ibuprofen is present in the tissue; it is able to provide greater pain relief 23. In terms of physical function, pain and stiffness relief, the topical formulation is superior to the oral formulation. An advantage of topical ibuprofen over ibuprofen tablets is first pass metabolism is bypassed therefore it avoids risks and unwanted effects. Topical ibuprofen is a transdermal delivery system, which is more efficient than the oral delivery due to having an effect at a localised level. Comparison of conventional tablet, chewable tablet and suspension There was a report comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters of ibuprofen tablets, ibuprofen chewable tablets (Motrin chewable tablets) and ibuprofen suspension (Motrin suspension) on patients with cystic fibrosis. This study is limited as the number of patients taking each formulation is different; suspension (n=22), chewable tablets (n=4) and tablet (n=12). , nor is the strength or concentration given for any of the formulations. However patients took a dose of approximately 20mg/kg. The time to reach the peak concentration (Tmax) was compared for all formulations and it was concluded that the ibuprofen suspension had a shorter Tmax than the ibuprofen tablet, which was expected when liquid forms are compared with solid dosage forms. But with the ibuprofen chewable tablet there was no statistical difference from either the tablet or suspension. This was not expected as it was predicted the chewable tablet would have a greater Tmax to suspension but less than that of tablets. This is because chewing the chewable tablet produces small particles hence larger surface area, which should increase the dissolution of the drug 24. As the Tmax for suspension was shorter than the tablet it can be concluded more drug was present in the body at a quicker rate, hence more drug would be absorbed thus causing faster pain relief. From Figure 8 24 and Table 2 24, it can be concluded that 15 of the patients taking the suspension formulation were present in the desired range of peak concentration (therapeutic range), and this was achieved at a quicker rate of ~0.5 hours compared to the other formulations. For the chewable tablet it can be seen that 2 of the patients consuming it were in the therapeutic range, however it took patients to reach this level between ~1.0-2.0 hours. For the patients who consumed the tablet, 8 patients were in the therapeutic range. However it took between ~0.75-2.0 hours to reach to this level. There was also one anomaly present In the suspension group 5 patients, and 2 patients from the tablet groups exceeded the therapeutic range (>100mg L-1), therefore they are more prone to experience side effects. None of the patients who consumed chewable tablets exceeded the therapeutic range. For all formulations, 2 patients were below the therapeutic range ( It can be concluded statistically tablets were superior in terms of achieving the desired range of peak concentration compared to other formulations. But statistically suspensions were superior in terms of the time taken to reach the therapeutic range compared to both formulations. Figure 8: Shows the relationship between Cmax versus Tmax for suspension, chewable tablet and tablet groups. The plotted points represent blood sampling times when peak ibuprofen concentrations occured. The horizontal dashed lines show the therapeutic range. Table 2: Shows the comparison of Cmax among suspension, chewable tablets and tablet groups. From Figure 9 24, it can be seen patients taking the suspension reached max plasma concentration and at a quicker duration compared to other formulations. It took 0.5 hours to reach a plasma concentration of 70mg L-1, while tablets took 1.0 hour to reach a plasma concentration of 60 mg L-1. The chewable tablet took 1 hour to reach 50mg L-1 (Cmin). Also for the suspension, between 0.5-1.0 hours it remained in the therapeutic range. For the tablet, the period between 0.75-1.0 hours it remained in the therapeutic range. It took the chewable tablets 1 hour before it reached the therapeutic range, before and after this period it had little effect. As the time reaches 6 hours, the suspension had the lowest plasma concentration, while the tablet had the highest concentration. However it was below the therapeutic range therefore at this point all formulations have no effect 24. It can be concluded ibuprofen suspension is the superior formulation in terms of pain relieving as it reached the highest plasma concentration at a quicker duration, and was in the therapeutic range for the longest period. It is closer to Cmax at 70 mg L-1, while the other formulations were below this. Due to these factors it can be seen that the suspension has greater amount of ibuprofen present in the blood, hence more drug is going to be absorbed in the body. Figure 9: Shows the plasma concentration-time curve (meanSEM) for children with cystic fibrosis who received a dose of 20mg/kg ibuprofen suspension (n=22), chewable tablets (n=4) or tablets (n=12). The SEM bars are not included for chewable tablet group. Conclusion Ibuprofen is a derivative of phenylpropionic acid, and is chemically known as iso-butyl-propanoic-phenolic acid. It is a non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID), possessing properties such as analgesic, antipyretic and anti inflammatory. It is commonly used in the treatment of pain and rheumatoid arthritis among others. It is the only drug from its therapeutic class present on the List of World Health Organisation Essential Medicines. This list represents the minimum medicine required for a basic healthcare system. It includes drugs that are efficacious, safe and cost effective for conditions that are a priority. These conditions are selected on the foundation of current and future public health relevance. In terms of pain relief, antinociceptive and chemo-somatosensory effect, ibuprofen effervescent tablets are far superior to ibuprofen tablets. They caused faster pain relief at a quicker rate. Both ibuprofen gel and ibuprofen tablet produced similar efficacy in terms of pain relief in their respective groups. However, the dose administered in the gel dosage form was four times less than that of the ibuprofen tablet. Fewer side effects were observed as it avoided gastric irritation, in comparison to ibuprofen tablet. Ibuprofen tablet caused gastric irritation, which can possibly lead to liver and kidney damage. Patients consuming ibuprofen suspension reached the therapeutic effect at a quicker rate and were in that period for a longer duration compared to the other dosage forms. This suggested that it caused faster pain relief for a longer duration compared to ibuprofen tablets and ibuprofen chewable tablets. Ibuprofen chewable tablets reached a maximum concentration of 50mgL-1, so it just reached the base of the therapeutic effect, which suggests it has poor efficacy.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Napoleanic reign :: Napoleon Bonaparte

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jason fish Napoleon Bonaparte was a genius, but above that he was a ruthless tyrant, who sought global conquest through waging wars against all of Europe, starting with the smaller European countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Born in 1769 to a family of nobles, he was in a position of power since birth. Perhaps one of the deciding factors in his thirst for military conquest was the fact that his father placed him in a military academy at the ripe age of 10, and received his officer’s commission. At roughly the age of 20 he was an officer in the French revolution. As the revolution came to a close, he was an acknowledged officer, and held much authority over the population of France. By giving the church more power he gained much prestige with the people of France.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once he attained enough power he appointed himself the emperor. Under his rule all authority would be placed in the hands of paid officials. He also implemented a merit based payment system for the people. His rule of the Napoleon Code is well known for the many changes that it implemented. The Napoleon Code brought the recognition of marriages that were not preformed in the church, as well as divorces. It removed political rights of women that they had worked for over the last few centuries. Finally the code set a policy for the judicial system that convicts were guilty until proven innocent, which is the contrary of the stance in our current government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Up until this point he had the general public’s approval and was embraced by the majority of its citizens. His popularity fell as he began waging war after war on Frances neighboring countries. At the battle of Cape Trafalgar he attacked Britain with the aide of the Spanish forces. This was the first major loss for Napoleon as both the French and Spanish militaries were defeated by Heratio Nelson, the commander of the British army. This did not stop Napoleon from continuing his ongoing war with the rest of Europe. After his defeat at Cape Trafalgar, he began winning several wars against such European countries as Sweden, Germany, and Russia. While continuing to move his army throughout the eastern continent, he imposed his beliefs amongst all those he conquered, by abolishing serfdom in all areas which he had defeated. After years of war, even his faithful followers were becoming tired of the constant battles which he waged.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Jurlique Marketing Essay

1.0 Executive summary The main purpose of this business report is to review the appropriateness of Jurlique cosmetic products for the Australian target market. The key findings are: Australia is a huge market for cosmetic and toiletry industry, while it is full of competition due to the zero duty on American cosmetics; Jurlique is a well established brand for most Australia customers, however, it still needs unique selling points other than natural ingredient to expand its market share. This is mostly based on the product research and development. 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Purpose This report sets out to review the product for a target segment. 2.2 Scope This report first describes the overall cosmetic industry, the market share of Jurlique’s skin care products and the growth trend. Then the macro and micro-environmental analysis are conducted before the detailed description of the products category. Following the target segmentation, some recommendations will be made. 2.3 Methodology This report is created based on the theories from the textbook and the secondary data from websites. In addition, graphs and tables are used to assist the specific analysis. 2.4 Assumption and limitation During the research, some information can not be accessed, however, the information can be found from others as the official website which is formal and perusable to do reference. 3.0 Description of the industry 3.1 Market size and market share According to IBIS World (2010), cosmetics and toiletries industry are based on a solid foundation, with a booming prospect. He also forecasts that global cosmetic industry will embrace an inspiring growth at an average annual rate of 3.2%, within the period to 2012-2013. Graph 1: Global cosmetic industry performance and forecast (Data source: IBIS World 2010) As a key player in the natural cosmetics and skincare industry, Australian-owned Jurlique Company is a well-deserved market leader. It manufactures and distributes a range of skin care and aromatherapy products as well as herbal medicines. Through multi-channel distribution network, the company enters into 20 different countries, where about 60 company-owned concept stores and 5000 or so Jurlique-branded retail outlets are established (Official Website, 2012). Plus, department stores, pharmacies and health food stores, as well as aroma-therapy clinics and beauty salons are also the sales channel of the company’s 75% products. The differentiation in products themselves and diversification in marketing channels both contribute to the company’s profit margins, which are thought to be about 30%, and annual sales, which are estimated to exceed AU$100 million (RAPS, 2011). 3.2 Macro-environment 3.2.1 Overall cosmetic consumption trend Graph2: Total market sale of Australian cosmetic industry Source: Australia Bureau of Statistics The cosmetic and beauty industry has experienced a constant growth the whole world, and Australia is not an exception (see above graph). The Australia cosmetics and toiletries market value is in order of US$1.5 billion, with imports products occupying about half of that (U.S Commercial Service). This suggests that the domestic cosmetic brands are facing relatively fierce competition from cosmetic brands abroad. In terms of market share of cosmetic industry in Australia, the U.S is still maintaining about 30 percent market share (U.S Commercial Service). There are several reasons for this. The U.S is well known for its large proportion of investment in cosmetics research and development; Owing to the Free Trade Agreement between Australia and the United States, the U.S enjoys zero general import duty on cosmetics and toiletries exported to Australia. 3.2.2 Demographic factor The cosmetics and toiletries industry in Australia is closely associated with the people’s paying increasing attention to personal appearance, both for women and men. The emergence of an aging population in Australia, along with a raised awareness of health and environmental issues, stimulated to a certain extent the consciousness of the importance of products that prolong a youthful appearance. For baby boomer generation which is experiencing life changes brought by aging, they have shown increasing interests in cosmetics and toiletries, not only to enhance their appearance but also for other reasons. A simple example is that they use foundation with treatment ingredients to protect their skin against harmful UV rays, and to help a variety of skin problems. 3.2.3 Cultural changes As the consumer attitude gradually changes, people are more in favor of the natural and safe products in cosmetic market. Australia consumers are not exception. They respected green-added cosmetics, namely, they are increasingly in pursuit of natural, pollution-free cosmetics with no chemicals added. Consequently, the products of chemical-free will gain competitive advantages in Australian cosmetic market to meet the consumer’s psychological needs for green, organic skin care products. 3.3 Micro-environment 3.3.1 Organization Jurlique is a Sydney-based cosmetic company, boasting its skin care products, all of which are made in the most natural way. Funded in 1985 by chemist and also a doctor-Jurgen Klein, the beauty company was characterized by farm system, which makes the fact possible that all ingredients are cultivated and processed in the Adelaide Hills, and then distributed in Australia and abroad (Pola Orbis, 2011). The company’s mission is to generate sustainability and create mutual benefit between people and nature, with its slogan â€Å"Purest Skin Care Products on Earth through Nature, Science and Innovation†. Jurlique, with its headquarters in Mount Barker in the Adelaide foothills, has planted good names for its natural and chemical free products in Australia. On November 30, 2011, Jurlique International announces acquisition by POLA Orbis, which is the fourth leading cosmetic company in Japan and has been developing its business model around the cosmetics industry with a recurring theme of â€Å"beauty and health† since its founding in 1929. This acquisition makes Jurlique brand well positioned along with a strong presence and compelling momentum in key strategic markets, with a focus on Asia, the Americas and the home market Australia. Table 1: Changes in Jurlique shares held by POLA as a result of the Acquisition Source: POLA’s Share Purchase Agreement 3.3.2 Customers Customers of Jurlique are mainly female who pay a certain attention to their skin condition and are willing to buy skin care products at a reasonable price. In addition, customers of Jurlique need to be aware of the importance of natural ingredient for their skin. As spa gradually gains popularity, Jurlique’s target consumer will be expanded to whoever enjoys a natural and comfortable spa. 3.3.3 Publics Rising concern can be noted by Australian consumers of any cosmetic product regarding health and safety. Greater attention is also being given to natural products in cosmetics. Innovative beauty salon products that incorporate premium and organic ingredients are given warm welcome. This can explain that sales of Jurlique products using natural ingredients are showing steady growth. 3.3.4 Competitions Dominated by industrial players like Luxus, P&G and Unilever in Australian cosmetic and toiletry industry, the main high-end competitive brands in the country include well-established world-famous brands such as Lancome, Estee Lauder, Clinique, Shiseido, Christian Dior, Giorgio Armani, Bobbi Brown and Clarins. Middle end brands contain Revlon, Max Factor, L’Oreal and Olay (U.S. Commercial Service). In addition, newer brands from Japan and Korea are very popular among Australian young girls such as DHC, Fancl, HABA, Mioggi, Lanegie, Skin Food. 4.0 Products Jurlique products can be classified into six categories by the company’s official website. Table2: Jurlique product line (from Official Website) Product line Products detailed by category Skin care line cleansers, deep cleansing, refreshing, recovering, renewing, moisturizing, nurturing, special care, eye and lip care, tools and accessories Body care hand care, body lotion, body oils, shower gels Hair care shampoo, hair conditioners Baby care hypo-allergenic and pH balanced baby care products Essential oils comprises pure essential oils, essential oil blends, and carrier oils Seasonal offers comprises seasonal sets of products containing specific blends Within all these excellent natural products, Herbal Recovery Gel needs to be mentioned more. Belonging to skin care category, it is a light gel concentrate for day and night, which contains natural antioxidants and is suitable for all skin conditions, including oily and problem skin. It works deeply to strengthen and restore hydration, which can help maintain ideal skin moisture balance. 4.1 Three levels of the products 4.1.1 Core level Core level of a product represents the basic consumption benefit consumers can get from the product. Namely, it is the function or efficiency of the product. For skin care products made by Jurlique, they can not only meet the very basic requirements of target audience for better their skin condition  with its natural ingredients, but they also can realize the process in a sustainable manner. 4.1.2 Actual level Apart from the natural and high-quality characteristics, Jurlique products also have a mature packaging chain, which contains three sets of processes: primary packaging, secondary packaging and tertiary packaging (Jurlique International, 2011). All products produced are packed into tertiary packaging for shipment from production to logistics, and from logistics to distributors or direct to consumers. The tertiary packaging utilized is common throughout the supply chain where possible. Just like the packaging, labeling considerations will continue to express the green concept. For example, the use of relevant recyclable symbols such as the â€Å"green dot† and inclusion of the material identification will serve as an important tool in marketing strategy. 4.1.3 Augmented level Customers who buy Jurlique products can enjoy comfortable service from the company. Jurlique has its mature online service and various distribution channels. Products sold through every channel will be delivered timely. In addition, anyone who is interested in this brand can sign up for emails, and become a Jurlique insider. The insiders can get the professional advice in terms of skin care and also free gifts from the company. 5.0 Target segment 5.1 Demographic segmentation The majority of target customers Jurlique are females, specifically Generation X and Baby Boomers who are looking for beauty products which can help reduce wrinkles, better skin dark and contain natural or pure ingredients (Phosphagenics Newsletter, 2009). In Australia, Women between age 25 and 39 staying workplace have the strongest purchase power. They are  value and quality conscious, prepared to pay a little more for a prestige product that works. For those female seeking natural and quality products, Jurlique is undoubtedly a perfect choice whose claims match product performance. 5.2 Behavioral segmentation Different people seek different benefits from Jurlique products, and according to the product itself and the behavioral habits of Australian consumer, the market can be segmented into: 1. Single brand loyalty: it is of difficulty to break the previous loyalty for a certain brand, however, it this group have faith in Jurlique, the loyalty will last long. 2. Multiple brands loyalty: this group is willing to try new brands, but the loyalty can not be assured. 3. No brand loyalty: this group tends to be price sensitive or efficiency sensitive. 5.3 Geographic segmentation In geographical version, the whole Australian market can be segmented into several divisions. The five biggest cities in Australia: Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide should be the major target markets which all have advantages of large amount of working female and strong purchase power. Cities with more than a hundred thousand populations in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania etc will be the second largest target markets for Jurlique. The remaining cities with less population but relatively big purchase power should also be considered. 5.4 Psychographic: Based on people’s life style and value, the market can be segmented  psychologically. The research concerning people’s life style should be based on AOI: 1. Activities: this refers to where and when people use their time on skin care. 2. Interests: how much attention would people pay to the change of skin condition. 3. Opinion: this refers to what people think of the brand. 6.0 Key needs The mainstream trend in Australian cosmetic and toiletry industry is that consumers are willing to pay the higher price for those technologically advanced products because they perceive the ingredients to be expensive, uniquely manufactured based on intensive research and develop. Therefore, the innovative initiative of Jurlique based on its laboratory R&D is in need. In addition, market for color cosmetics, hair care products and beauty salon based products unsaturated to a certain degree. This is mainly for the reason that those products are not the mainstream business scope for the major competitors from the U.S and France. Consequently, Jurlique could stretch its product line or emphasis the manufacture and market capture of those products. 7.0 Recommendations 1. Adjust the shift of distributional channels in Australia The retailing of cosmetics and toiletries in Australia has experienced a remarkable change in recent years. Supermarkets are beginning to play a major role in selling cosmetics and toiletries, replacing traditional retailers and pharmacies (Market Overview, 2010). Major supermarkets such as Coles, Safeway and Woolworths have become the sites where 45 percent of cosmetic products are sold in Australia. Pharmacies and cosmetic retailers are showing more and more presence in cosmetic market. Jurlique should take this change into account when it come to adjusting marketing strategy. 2. Professional technologic certification shows its increasing importance It should be realized that natural or organic ingredients are no more than distinctive selling points which add value to the products. Consumers today tend to expect assurance through product certification, especially for new or unfamiliar products, just as Jurlique for Australian consumer. Therefore, it is highly recommended that Jurlique obtain professional certification from authorized certifiers to enhance product credibility. 8.0 References IBIS World (2010). Cosmetic and Toiletry Retailing in Australia, Melbourne: Arna Richardson, Exporter Guild, Australian, Organic Market, P11(ix), April 2011 Jurlique official website. Retrieved from: http://www.jurlique.com.au/ U.S Commercial Service. 2010, Retrieved from: http://www.trade.gov/cs/ RAPS (2011). Beauty environmental scan. http://175.107.146.153/~rapstcco/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Beauty-Industry-Environmental-Scan-2011.pdf Phosphagenics Newsletter. (2009). Retrieved from: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/45622966/PHOSPHAGENICS-concealer Asia-Pacific Cosmetics and Toiletries Market Overview. 2010 Pola Orbis (2011). POLA ORBIS HOLDINGS enters into a Share Purchase Agreement to acquire all outstanding shares of Jurlique International Pty Ltd[R].2011. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise (2011). Export guide: Organics and green market in Australia. Jurlique International (2011). Australian packaging covenant action plan. Retrieved from: http://www.packagingcovenant.org.au/documents/File/Jurlique%20International%20Pty%20Ltd%20AP_10_15.pdf

Friday, November 8, 2019

The Socio Cultural Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay Essays

The Socio Cultural Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay Essays The Socio Cultural Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay Paper The Socio Cultural Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay Paper Chapter 2 2.0Literature Reappraisal There are many research workers who have examined on how touristry affects the local people in a finish. They have worked on how to measure the negative and positive impacts of touristry on society. This literature reappraisal will be based on the research of the socio-cultural impact of touristry on the local people in Mauritius. This literature reappraisal will be completed by seeking for diary articles, relevant surveies which have been antecedently done on the subject. 2.1.1 Overview of Tourism Tourism is an active procedure which include direct and alternate relationship between people and conceiver of touristry merchandises. The interaction between people is the is frequently the necessary characteristic which characterizes a touristry experience. Sheldon A ; Abenoja argued that these experiences can take to both positive and negative impacts and this should be controlled in order to maximise the positive impacts and minimize and negative impacts. Positive and negative characteristic of touristry can be moved to the tourers and the host population as a touristry merchandise can merely be consumed in a finish. One of the most influential socially based programs refined to analyze the impact of touristry has on local people and the environment in which the local people live is on the work of Doxey ( 1975 ) , who was able to show the feeling that local people show as touristry extend and start to utilize greater country of a local economic system over clip. ( Doxey ) besides argued that there are fundamentally four degrees to be considered when measuring local feelings towards the touristry industry. These are as follows: Euphoria: This is where tourist semen to a finish where they are received with small control and planning in a finish Apathies: Tourists are accepted by the local people in a finish, commercialisation takes topographic point and there is a relationship between groups. Irritation: As the touristry industry is being saturated, local people tend to hold uncertainness about a location of touristry. Tourism contrivers increase substructure alternatively of commanding the growing of touristry. Hostility: Local people start to go annoyed and this is presented to tourers and touristry and planning is renewing. 2.1.2Resident-visitor dealingss: Doxey s Irridex It became clear that without the support of stakeholders, touristry would non be successful in the long term. This is specifically suited for the communities who host the visitants. Doxey ( 1975 ) , Doxey suggested an easy set of phases, showing a host community response to and relationship with an increasing figure of visitants. He suggested that local acceptance thresholds and the the opposition of the host community to the increasing figure of touristry development established a fright that they might lose community individuality. Furthermore, Doxey s ( 1975 ) Index of Irritation ( Irridex ) symbolizes the go uping sensitiveness of local occupants as the impact that visitants cause additions. Kreag ( 2001 ) said that the figure of impacts from touristry is physically broad and it frequently has the authorization on countries beyond those normally linked with touristry. It is hard to mensurate the exact type and magnitudes of impacts of touristry as they can non be viewed in a separate manner because the consequence brought by touristry entirely and the consequence which has been accomplished by other agents of alteration such as modernisation, development, and the influence of media Archer A ; Cooper, ( 1994 ) ; Lickorish A ; Jenkin, ( 1997 ) ; Mathieson A ; Wall, ( 1982 ) . 2.1.3 Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism Oppermann A ; Chon, ( 1997 ) , argued that the socio cultural impacts should be available in towns and it should be designed in such a manner in order to accomplish the ideals of sustainable development. Smith ( 1995 ) reported that the socio-cultural impacts of touristry occur when there is the interaction between the host , or local people, and invitees , or tourers. However, Glasson, Gofrey and Goodey ( 1995 ) argued that the socio-cultural impacts are the people impacts of touristry and it concentrates on the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours alterations and quality of life of occupants in a finish. It has been stated by Opperman and Chon ( 1997 ) that tourer and the host interactions does non hold consequence on the hosts and the society of the host, but besides it has an consequence on the tourers and the tourers societies. Cooper et al. , ( 1998 ) ; said that socio-cultural impacts have both positive and negative signifiers and it is the hosts and the invitees who are affected, Oppermann A ; Chon, ( 1997 ) . Furthermore, Pi-Sunyer, ( 1973 ) , stated that socially and culturally, touristry has frequently been victim of societal tensenesss. Boissevain, ( 1979 ) ; Tsartas, ( 1992 ) argues it can be noted that the chief impacts affected by the tourers and host relationship are the presentation consequence, that is when the behavior of the hosts community is developed in such a manner to copy the tourers. During their stay in a finish tourists interact with the local occupants and this interaction brings an result such as alterations in the quality of life of the host s community, value system, labour division, household relationships, attitudes, behavioral forms, ceremonials and originative looks, Fox ( 1977 ) ; Cohen ( 1984 ) ; Pizam and Milman ( 1984 ) . De Kadt ( 1979 ) have stated that the brushs of tourers and the hosts occur when tourers are purchasing goods and services from any host single where there are at the same topographic point and at the same clip and where they can interchange thoughts and information. Another type of brush which occurs in touristry is where there is a failure in advancing common apprehension among different states and stereotypes prevail, Nettekoven ( 1979 ) ; Krippendorf ( 1987 ) ; OGrady ( 1990 ) . In add-on, White ( 1974 ) ; Brougham and Butler ( 1977 ) ; Jeffs and Tavis ( 1989 ) ; Wallace ( 1997 ) reported that socio-cultural impacts of touristry besides include alteration in the linguistic communication that is used in a finish growing in the ingestion of alkies, offense, harlotry and chancing Young ( 1973 ) ; Graburn 1983 ; OGrady ( 1990 ) . Harmonizing to Brunt and Courtney ( 1999 ) argued that socio cultural impacts of when there is the interaction of tourists-host could be utilized to host oc cupants and was affected by their function and their relationship within the touristry industry. 2.1.4 Communities Perspective of Tourism Fredline, ( 2004 ) considered the attitude of local people the big scope of the positive and negative impacts of touristry on the community at big and single can be analysed. Ratz ( 2002 ) said that the lives of the host s community are changed by two major factors which are viz. the tourists-host relationship and the development of the touristry industry itself. Local people and foreign companies are encouraged to put in different types of tourer endeavors Larsen ( 1998 ) and this is looked in such a scheme to actuate economic activities to take topographic point which will do the province become richer. In a host community, non every people perceive the impacts of touristry in the same mode. Researchs say that the degree of satisfaction of occupants in a finish and their attitudes in relation to touristry are conditional on their perceptual experience of the impact of touristry. Resident s reponse to touristry impacts It is of import to cognize the reaction of occupants to touristry and the schemes that they use to minimise the negative impacts from the touristry exchange. Two theories which is the Doxey Irridex theoretical account and the touristry country life-cycle theoretical account by pantryman ( 1980 ) were used to to explicate occupant s reactions to touristry. However it has been said that these two theories are excessively unidirectional and massive, being non able to place that different sets of schemes may be available at the same time within a part, Dogan ( 1989 ) . The theories that have been viewed in the past old ages as the most efficient 1s, were based on the option of the Butler ( 1975 ) and of Dogan ( 1989 ) : Butler ( 1975 ) describing a past work by Bjorkland and Philbrick, analysed the advancement that occurs when two or more civilizations come into interaction and suggested this work within the residents-tourist relationship ; he stated that the occupant s attitudes can be favorable and unfavorable during their communicating and occupant s behavioral response towards touristry could be working or digesting from these differences, a four-cell continuity topologies was developed. 2.1.5 Socio-Cultural sustainability Cultural sustainability is the care of local values, the manner that people live in their environment and individuality Heikkinen et Al. ( 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Besculides, Lee, A ; McCornick, 2002 ; Simpson, ( 2008 ) the cultural and societal as facet of sustainability may be supported by touristry development by allowing a alteration of worsening traditional industries appealing substructure development advancing pride mentioning to civilization and community, furthering cultural credence amongst visitants, maintaining cultural heritage, furthering transverse institutional credence and convey into being educational favourable fortunes. However, Liu ( 2003 ) ; Stronza, ( 2007 ) , argued that touristry can convey up new life styles, belief, and values to hosts, and come through alterations in the life signifier of the communities. 2.1.6 Positive socio-cultural impact of touristry United Nations, ( 1996 ) ; Jamaica Sustainable Development Network, 2001 ; Tourism Product Development Company ( 2005 ) ; du Cros ; ( 2001 ) , Tourism brings into part of an betterment of the societal substructure in a finish. Cultural development can be considered as a positive impact of touristry. Assorted state of affairss exist where touristry is the active force behind the saving and consciousness of local civilization and traditions. 2.1.7 Negative socio-cultural impacts of touristry For some islands, there are negative societal impact that are created due to touristry. An addition in the monetary value leads to a autumn in the criterion of life of the local community. Fishermans are deprived from their business. Sometimes locals are prevented to acquire entree to public beaches as most hotels give precedence to tourers to bask the beaches and therefore locals are left with lone portion of the beaches. Furthermore, there are capacity issues where the beaches are overcrowded which leads to traffic congestion and noise pollution, change by reversal socialization and high offense rates besides occur ( United Nations, 1996 ; PA Consulting Group, ( 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Hejazeen ( 2007 ) , he distinguished the socio-cultural impacts of touristry on five communities at five historical sites around Jordan. In Petra Hejazeen ( 2007 ) noticed that there were a figure of negative impacts such as people get downing to devour alcohol drinks, kids who are non traveling to s chool, and the job of co-modification whereby the local people imitate the tourers. 2.1.8 Physical influences doing societal emphasis The physical power that increasing touristry has on a finish can do societal emphasis because this brush the local community. Cultural devolution such as harm to cultural heritage may take topographic point from hooliganism, littering, pilferage and illegal remotion of cultural heritage points or by altering the historical landscape that surrounds it. Resource usage struggles will originate because there is a competition between the host community and the tourers for doing usage of premier resources such as H2O and energy which are limited in supply. Conflicts will originate when there will be the building of hotels in coastal countries. 2.2.8 Culture Clangs As touristry is the motion of people to different topographic points geographically and topographic points of societal relation between tourers and the hosts, civilization clangs may come frontward because of differences in their civilizations, cultural and spiritual groups, values, life styles, linguistic communications and degrees of prosperity. There will be economic inequality between local people and the tourers as they spend more than they frequently spend in an economic system. 2.2.9 Behaviour of tourers doing annoyance Tourists normally fail to esteem local people and their moral values due to carelessness in a finish. They may non esteem the locals traditions by taking images where they are non allowed to make so and they may besides be non good dressed in spiritual topographic points like temples, mosques, and church. 2.2.3 Crime Jud ( 1975 ) stated that sum of condemnable motion confronting foreign tourers grows as the figure of illegal opportunities addition. He besides said that the more tourers reaching in a finish will ensue in more opportunities for offense to take topographic point. However, Lin and Loeb ( 1977 ) argued that there might non be a certain connexion between tourers and condemnable activities. Furthermore, Bernasco and Luykx ( 2003 ) stated that there are three factors which pull offenses against belongings and these are attraction, chance and handiness. As a consequence if communities do non protect themselves and amiss put in order by external bureaus, some persons will precise their personal disposition and devotedness towards condemnable behavior. Furthermore, Shaw and Mc Kay ( 1992 ) stated that a weak organisational signifier within a community may bring forth an environment more favourable for felons against people and frailty versa. 2.3.1 Job degree clash There has been a deficiency of professional preparation and low-paid touristry occupations such as server, cleaner horticulture are offered to local people whereas the higher-paying occupations are like managerial occupations are offered to aliens. 2.3.2 Change of local individuality and values Conventional touristry can convey impact alteration or loss of acknowledgment and values and leads to influences as stated below: 2.3.3 Commercialization of local civilization Tourism can turn local civilization into merchandise and this is when spiritual traditions, local imposts and festivals are diminished to set to tourist outlooks and this has been called as reconstructed ethnicity. 2.3.4 Standardization A finish purpose is to fulfill and it risk standardisation, adjustment, nutrient and drinks, etc must run into the privation of the tourers in a finish 2.3.5 Adaptation to tourist demands In finish tourers have the desire to purchase keepsakes, humanistic disciplines, trades, cultural manifestations. Craftsmen in many tourers finishs have changed their merchandises by planing new types to do them fit the new client s gustatory sensations. 2.3.6 Increase of Prostitution and sex touristry Harmonizing to the WTO ( World Tourism Organisation ) experts ( 1994 ) sex touristry has its chief purpose that consequence of a commercial sexual relationship. Sexual activity touristry is perfectly touchable brush in which the spouse is non any longer an alive object. Many work forces go to Asia to take Asiatic misss because no communicating is possible. Sex workers can be migratory adult females in a finish from neighboring states. Furthermore, sex touristry has impacted to an addition in AIDS in India. It has been discovered that upper class hotels have their supply for sex touristry to take topographic point. Sexual activity touristry is besides linked to drug pedlars who search for long holiday tourers at inexpensive finishs. 2.3.7 The economic impacts of touristry Loomis and Walsh ( 1997 ) stated that concerns and public organisations are increasingly demoing involvement in the economic impacts of touristry at national, province and local degrees as the touristry industry contributes to the state s balance of payment ( BOP ) and this provide a great supply of income, said Tatoglu, Erdal, Ozgur, A ; Azakli, ( 2000 ) . The World Traven and Tourism Council ( 2012 ) reported that touristry can be good to an economic system in footings of increasing the Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . Furthermore, Andereck Valentine, Knopf and Vogt ( 2005 ) reported that touristry industries can hold a positive consequence on the economic system of a community by set uping diverseness, and revenue enhancement gross. Furthermore touristry is taken into consideration as a determiner that provides a higher living criterion and which consequence to pull investors to make investings and tourers to pass which as a consequence creates greater benefits than costs Brida, reported Osti A ; Faccioli, ( 2011 ) . 2.3.8 The benefits that tourism conveying in an economic system Rithie, 2000 ; Carolson A ; Millan, ( 2002 ) ; Getz, ( 2005 ) said that the events in a finish tend to better the substructure and development capacity. Westerbeek et Al. ( 2005, p. 133 ) reported that when substructure is good articulated consisting of physical locales, adjustment and installations such as conveyance can take a an even to success and cut downing costs, bettering the convenience of witness, every bit good as the jock and long term benefits for the local community when the event ends. 2.3.9 Multiplier consequence Tourism as a supply of income is hard to mensurate, this is because it creates multiplier consequence Clarke et Al, ( 2009 ) ; Brida et Al, ( 2010 ) ; Rastegar, ( 2010 ) . Multiplier consequence is the copiousness of money which is generated due to tourist disbursement in an economic system it increases as it passes through different countries of the economic system reported Dritsakis, ( 2008 ) ; Boopen, ( 2006 ) . Tourism does non merely take to employment chances but besides motivates growing in the primary and secondary sectors of the industry. Primary touristry sectors viz. , lodging, dining, transit, amusements and retail trade are influenced straight and most of the other sectors are have impacts of the secondary effects. 2.4 Direct consequence in the economic system These are production alterations which are linked with the existent effects of alterations in touristry outgos. An addition in the figure of tourers remaining in a hotel would take to an addition in net incomes due to gross revenues in the hotel sector. Direct effects of tourers passing besides include hotel payments for rewards and wages, revenue enhancements, and supplies and services. 2.4.1 Indirect consequence in the economic system This is the re disbursement of the hotel industry s grosss in other behind industries. For illustration industries which supplies merchandises and services to hotels. Alteration in gross revenues, occupations, and income in the linen supply industry shows another country of indirect effects after all linking hotels to assorted grades to multiple other economic sectors in the part. 2.4.2 Induced consequence in the economic system Induced consequence is the household income earned straight or indirectly by touristry disbursement. For illustration employees from the hotel and employees from the linen supply are supported straight and indirectly by touristry, they spend their money in the local part disbursals of lodging, nutrient, transit and disbursement of added pay, salary, or proprietors income are considered as induced consequence. 2.4.3 Indirect effects of touristry on GDP ( Gross Domestic Product ) Tourism is a large component of the services economic system, stand foring 30 % of international trade in services. Taking into history of the gross, the T20 states generate about 70 % of planetary tourer activity. In add-on, the part that touristry can do to the growing of the economic system is found in its indirect impacts, which in the T20 states demoing over 45 % of touristry s entire parts to the GDP. These indirect impacts which are linked both to goods and services bought by the touristry sector and to investing and public disbursement multiplied by touristry are an of import factor of economic growing. 2.4.4 The exchange rate consequence of touristry Tourism is a major foreign currency earner as it supplies the market with foreign currency and this market would non be if touristry would non be so big. This diminishes the cost of foreign currency below what it would otherwise be. 2.4.5 Creation of employment Harmonizing to Bridenhann and Wickens, ( 2004 ) , touristry is an industries among many other industries which has the highest power to lend towards occupation creative activity and economic development, particularly in rural countries. 2.4.6 Environmental impact of touristry Negative environmental impacts takes topographic point when the degree of visitants in a state exceeds the transporting capacity of an environment or usage greater infinite that is required for an environment. When it is uncontrolled, it brings menaces to many natural countries around the universe. The environment quality, natural and semisynthetic is of great importance to touristry. However, the relationship with the environment is intricate. The environmental impact is related with the building of the general substructure in a finish such as roads and airdromes, and of the installations of touristry, such as resorts, hotels, eating houses, stores, golf classs. As the negative impacts of touristry can destruct the environment in the long-run, and these impacts should be minimized. Further literature of the negative environmental impact of touristry is as follows: 2.4.7 Land Degradation The of import resources of land are fertile dirt, woods, wetlands and wildlife. Due to an addition in the building of touristry installations at that place has been force per unit area on these resources. Direct impact can be caused by supplying tourers with the installations needed such as adjustment and other substructure needed on the environment. Furthermore, when there is deforestation, forest frequently suffers from this catastrophe. 2.4.8 Air and noise pollution Pollution is something harmful that begins into the environment and these harmful stuffs are called pollutants. It can be natural such as volcanic ash. Pollution can be besides produced by human activity for illustration rubbish or overflow produced by mills. Pollutants damage the quality of air, H2O and land. There are assorted things that are utile to people create pollution. Cars eject pollutants from their exhaust pipes. Burning coal to bring forth electricity pollutes the air. Industries and places spread refuse and sewerage that can foul the land and H2O. 2.4.9 Impacts on Biodiversity Tourism can do loss of biodiversity in assorted ways for illustration by viing the wildlife for home ground and natural resources. Negative impact on biodiversity can be caused by treading, emphasis in animate beings, import of occupying species, devastation of home grounds, marine home ground impairment. 2.5 Strain on H2O resources Water is one of the of import resource that is needed to last and for a concern to go on to run H2O is need in the mundane operation of the concern. Hotels usage H2O in swimming pools, golf classs and besides H2O is used by the tourers for personal usage. Therefore there is a inclination for deficit of H2O and bring forthing a greater volume of effluent. 2.5.1 Energy Use Hotels use immense volume of H2O. Tourists remaining in a hotel usage on mean 1/3 more H2O per twenty-four hours than a local dweller. The ingestion of energy per M2 per twelvemonth by one star hotel is 157kwh ( 380 KWh in a four star hotel ) ( EEA, 2003 ) . However, the substructure is non suited as it has been designed to get by with peak periods. 2.5.2 The function of the UNWTO, ( United Nations World Tourism Organisation ) towards the environment In order to forestall the unfavourable impacts of clime alteration, the IPCC studies 2007 need 25-40 % emanation decrease sphere for the Annex 1 Parties ( industrialised states ) by 2020, compared to the footing twelvemonth 1995. 2.5.3 Natural resource depletion Natural resource depletion, the use of land alteration, pollution and the debasement of the environment are the dominant impacts on the environment because of the speedy enlargement of touristry in many finishs and without appropriate schemes to protect natural-cultural resources from the force per unit area of touristry Bramwell and Lane, ( 2010 ) ; Davenport and Davenport, ( 2006 ) ; Gossling, ( 2002 ) ; Favro et al. , ( 2010 ) ; Kuvan, ( 2005 ) ; Madan and Rawat, ( 2000 ) . Harmonizing to Welford et al. , ( 1999 ) said that sustainable touristry has been contending with uncontrolled and unplanned touristry and this includes steps to decrease the negative impacts that mass touristry causes such as the devastation of delicate ecosystem and local civilization and besides the depletion of natural resources. 2.5.4 Ecotourism Society ( Ties ) which is an ecotourism society argued that ecotourism is people going responsibly to countries of nature and they keep the environment clean by being witting about their act towards the environment and better the wellbeing of the local people. With the activity of ecotourism, most of the net incomes remain in the local economic system and it is of a smaller proportion and holding low import escape. 2.5.5 The finish lifecycle About all finishs have a lifecycle. Harmonizing to the pantryman theoretical account, the basic thought of 1980 is that a finish starts about unknown and there is besides a limited figure of visitants as due to deficiency of entree, installations, and local cognition which is labeled as the geographic expedition phase Miller and Gallucci, ( 2004 ) . Butler s Tourism Area Lifecycle Model 2.5.6 The 7 phases of tourer development Exploration: The geographic expedition phase is when merely a little figure of tourers visit a finish. At this phase, the country remains good since there are few tourers and the handiness of installations is limited. The finish is deserted and has a sleepy visual aspect with small or there might be no development. At this phase, a limited figure of concerns exist and the provided installations are owned by the local people. Engagement: The engagement phase includes local people that start to supply installations to tourers within the finish and it becomes to be recognized as a tourer finish. In the engagement phase, there is an interaction between the locals and the visitants and this will stay high. Tooman ( 1996 ) , said that the engagement phase is where touristry does non impact the economic system, it can make desirable effects and the benefits goes to the local people be bring forthing linkages, economic diverseness, and more clip to set up the history to command growing of the touristry sector. Development: The development phase takes topographic point when the host state starts to do people cognizant about the finish through advertisement and the country starts to be recognized as a tourer finish. At this phase the local people tend to back up the consequence that touristry conveying to their state because it contributes economically, Bramwell ( 2003 ) . Consolidation: This is where the finish continues to pull the figure of tourers. The growing of tourers Numberss may non be fast as in the other phases as there exists some tensenesss between the host community and the tourer. Stagnation: The stagnancy phase takes topographic point when the installations that are provided to tourers start to go old as tourers are bored with the installations which has been provided long ago. At this phase, the figure of tourers in a finish may take to a diminution. Rejuvenation: Rejuvenation occurs when there is the demand for betterment. At this phase, investing and modernisation may happen and may ensue to an addition in visitants Numberss. Decline: The diminution phase occurs when the greening ( phase ) has non taken topographic point yet. As a consequence, people working in the touristry industry lose their occupations and the image of the finish besides suffers. 2..5.7 What is civilization? Culture has a specific function in the reconstitution of an urban economic system and individuality, an spread outing literature appears on culture-led regeneration in the metropoliss of the improved universe. Regeneration is the complete alteration of a topographic point that is demoing cogent evidence of physical, societal and economic diminution, said Evan ( 2005 ) . However, civilization is said to be an inducement for the regeneration development, although the judge articulate the chief clangs. Jensen ( 2007 ) reported that while culture-led regeneration work attempt to re-build the urban economic system and image, they frequently offer concern to development ends such as economic, belongings development and urban entrepreneurialism instead than the sort of life aims, the safety of local beings, societal justness. Hofstede, ( 2001 ) ; Reschner, ( 1969 ) reported that civilization can come on easy over clip or may modify wholly in a short clip period due to a fluctuation in engin eering, alteration in values, inclusion by another more dominating civilization and catastrophe of large-scale and country as wars affliction and natural semisynthetic catastrophes. Furthermore, Richards and Wilson, ( 2006 ) ; Zukin, ( 1995 ) reported that cultural heritage is the chief attractive force of metropoliss, cultural heritage preserves the cultural values of the topographic point and links people to their assembled memories, they besides said that metropoliss have now made a concern of civilization and cultural topographic points in most instances become more market-oriented because of lessenings in the degree of public support, reported Richard, ( 1996 ) . However, while civilization remain an of import component for touristry and urban economic system, the meaning of civilization becomes more unsure. Jensen ( 2007 ) defines civilization as a manner of life, while cultural assets becomes the creative activity of a topographic point that includes both touchable and intangible qualities. Hence cultural touristry is no more somewhat the imaged decline of high civilization graphicss such as galleries, theatres and architecture, but is turning for the inc lusion of giving visitants the chance of swamping off the ambiance, Galdini, 2007 ; Richards, 1996 ) . Reisinger A ; Turner, ( 1999 ) stated that while there is no universally agreed definition of civilization, there is no transcultural variable by which civilization can wholly differentiated and successfully compared. In researching in the image of a finish, nationality is likely to be the cardinal asking variable to understand differences in perceptual experience among visitants holding assorted civilizations, Beerli A ; Martin, ( 2004 ) ; A Campo A ; Garau, 2008 ; A Joppe et al. , ( 2001 ) ; A MacKay A ; Fesenmaier, ( 1997 ) ; A Mayo A ; Jarvis, ( 1981 ) ; A Prayag A ; Ryan, ( 2011 ) ; A Ryan A ; Cave, ( 2005 ) .A Dann ( 1993, pp 108-109 ) argued as touristry is a planetary phenomenon societies in a finish are non any longer in an orderly manner and this does non do sense to take into consideration national designation within many societies as many tourer have different nationalities and the state where they have taken birth may non be the same as the state of their nationality. Furthermore, civilization and individuality issues must be taken into history as these are a challenge in offering sustainability in touristry, as respects guaranting sustainability in touristry, continuing existent civilization and individuality of people who are populating and working at touristry finishs. Additionally, touristry will take to a disappearing of local individuality and values Griswold, ( 2004 ) ; A Hitchcock, ( 1999 ) ; A Santos A ; Buzinde, ( 2007 ) . 2.5.8 Social Exchange Theory Blau ( 1964, p.91 ) stated that ( SET ) refers to societal exchange as voluntary actions of persons that are inspirited by what they expect in returns to convey and normally execute in fact bring from others. ( SET ) makes spouses in a relationship more affiliated and organizes common trust, Moore and Cunningham III, ( 1999 ) . Harmonizing to Long, Perdue and Allen ( 1990 ) reported that there has been a favourable attitude toward touristry was straight linked to back up for growing of the tourer base. SET consists of a psychological and sociological position that demonstrates the alteration and stableness as a method of discussed exchanges between people in society. In taking into history of the human societal interactions, societal exchange theory operates on the belief that persons are in most instances rational and acquire into computations of costs and benefits in societal exchanges. This exchange of benefits is besides encase in the cultural construct of guanxi or relationsh ips among the Chinese people which have affected concern relationship for centuries in Asia. Furthermore, ( SET ) forecasts societal relationships to be established on each spouse s motivational part and foreseen net incomes. ( SET ) besides says that clients involve themselves in a relationship because they want to accomplish something that by themselves they can non in turn achieve. Customers will besides confirm whether they want to maintain the relationship or to stop it.