Immigration to Australia Essay - 2284 Words

Immigration to Australia Introduction Australia is often described as one of the ‘classical countries of immigration’. The concept of being a ‘nation of immigrants’ is at the center of Australian identity. Australia is a unique country, and it has a long history of population growth due to immigration. Australia is a young country and has not fully developed. It is commonly called â€Å"The Land of Opportunity.† This paper will discuss the history of immigration, the history of the immigration policy, the economic, social and cultural, and the population impacts of immigration to Australia. The History-Immigration to Australia The history of immigration to Australia started before 1770. The first human inhabitants of Australia†¦show more content†¦The British government wanted the convicts as far away from Britain as possible. The designated place would come to be Australia, then known as New South Wales. â€Å"On the 13th May 1787 a fleet of eleven ships left Britain with two years provision and a cargo of 759 unwilling convicts, their guards, and ships crew numbering-1530 people in all. They were to colonize the new land.† (http://www.ozramp.net) Transported criminals were the basis of the first migration from Europe. Starting in 1788, some 160,000 people were shipped to the Australian colonies. These convicts, along with the officials of the penal system, were joined by free immigrants from the early 1790’s.† (http://www.immi.gov) Not too many people wanted to migrate to Australia in the early days. Life was very hard during this time. Australia needed farmers, carpenters, builders, etc., but most people did not want to leave the comforts of home for the hardships of this new land. Therefore, in the early 1800’s as poverty and unemployment increased in Britain, the government tried to encourage people to come to Australia. The British government encouraged people by agreeing to pay for their passage. It was called â€Å"assisted passage†, which is why these settlers were called â€Å"Free Settlers.† Early migration peaked between 1851 and 1860. During this time arrival levels were around 50,000 people a year. There were several causes for the significantShow MoreRelatedImmigration And Immigration Of Australia1276 Words   |  6 Pageshave come to Australia as new immigrants and they had a marked influence on all aspects of society. In the 50 years Australia has welcomed about 5.9 millions of migrants comprising about 3.1 million males and 2.8 million females (Queensland Govt., n.d). More than 599 000 people have arrived under humanitarian programs, initially as displaced persons and more recently as refugees. Statistics from the Department of Immigration and Citizenship reported that during this same period in Australia, approximatelyRead MoreImmigration in Australia3348 Words   |  14 PagesA Baptist policy on immigration and asylum seekers The world currently faces a global refugee crisis with up to 40 million displaced people (the majority of whom are women and children). Australia currently accepts around 13,750 refugees each year as part of total planned annual immigration of around 182,000 people. This paper identifies social and political problems relating to asylum seekers and refugees. It examines the biblical teaching on a responsible Christian approach to asylum seekersRead MoreImmigration of Vietnamese People to Australia1051 Words   |  4 Pages‘Push factors’ The immigration of Vietnamese people to Australia has been occurring for over 40 years in this period of time the reason for migration has changed with the times, but predominantly began with the conflict between North and South Vietnam. With the end of WW2 in 1945, many counties and regions had been greatly affected, including the Pacific, Asia and Europe. The rise of communism, beginning in Russia, and slowly spreading to China was soon adopted by the Northern portion of VietnamRead MoreA Research Study On The 24 August 19581216 Words   |  5 Pages(Thea) Van De Kuyt arrived in Fremantle, Australia with her mother, father, younger brother and two younger sisters. As Nonja Peter states â€Å"Australian immigration has always been driven by the need to attract enough labour for the developing economy and recruitment policy, procedures and bi-lateral agreements, continue to heed this imperative.† World War 2 caused a massive shift in migration to Australia, where many famil ies and young individuals came to Australia looking for a better life and an opportunityRead MoreAustrali A New Britannia987 Words   |  4 PagesAustralia is, and always has been an immigrant society. Without a continuous stream of immigration, our modern society would not be as urbanised, affluent and economically stable as it is today. Australia, once a British colony, was termed ‘a new Britannia’, as it was viewed as one of the most ‘British’ societies in the world outside of the UK. Since its conception and its obvious need for settlers, Australia has used deliberate and careful selection of its new potential citizens as a method of controllingRead MoreHow Has It Had An Impact On Australian Culture?1175 Words   |  5 Pages Populate or Perish Introduction: Australia was in a time of crisis during World War 2 (1945) when they were threatened by the Japanese invasions. Australia did not have a big population at that time resulting in not have a strong defence to protect Australia. The Department of Immigration that was created then strongly urged that Australia needed an increase in its population by at least 1% each year. They needed a plan to gain a hugeRead MoreMulticulturalism and the Benefits of Migration in Australia1678 Words   |  7 PagesTHE BENEFITS OF MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA SUBMISSION: Committee Secretary, Joint Standing Committee on Migration House of Representatives, Parliament House, Canberra ACT 2600 NH 28 February, 2011 The beginnings of white migration and multiculturalism in Australia saw our British forefathers arriving in boats on the shores of the â€Å"land down under†. Boat loads of prisoners – reluctant migrants - from an overflowing British penal system were brought to Australia to be used for punishment andRead MoreAustralia Federation Encourages Immigration Policy1809 Words   |  8 PagesI heard that Australia federation encourages immigration policy to develop the economy status by increasing the number of foreigners regardless of countries. I know the fact that there was a huge migration history about 200 years ago related to prisoners came from Britain for the first time. After first migration, anyone allowed to arrive in Australia that has called free immigration. When considering this history, I thought that many number of first or second generation Australians, who seem toRead More The Great White Wall Essay4596 Words   |  19 PagesThe Great White Wall For most people, someone within their ancestral lineage has immigrated to a new country. Immigration has been perceived as a way to provide and enhance personal opportunities (McConville: p 73). Overpopulation began to be a problem in many of the great empires in the early 19th century, and emigration seemed to provide the best opportunity for people to better themselves in a new world (McConville: p 73). Rather than draining the resources within one society, people wereRead MoreWebsite Usability Comparison For Immigration Into Australia2699 Words   |  11 PagesSubject: Website usability comparison for Immigration into Australia ______________________________________________________________ An immigration website usability comparison for Immigration into Australia has been completed. Introduction The competitor websites chosen for this research were Immigration New Zealand (www.immigration.govt.nz), Australian Department of Immigration and Border Protection (www.border.gov.au) and U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (www.usgis.gov). To find how user-friendly

Native Americans During Westward Expansion Essay - 1592 Words

During westward expansion, the Native Americans got kicked to the side. The settlers coming west often saw the Indians as a threat to them and their families. However, this was not the main reason the Indians were pushed aside. The settlers saw the Indians had fertile land and wanted it for themselves. The Indians were the opposite of what the settlers thought they were. The Indians often helped the people moving west across the plains; giving them food, supplies, and acting as guides. However, the U.S. Government did not see this side of the Indians, instead they forced the Indians onto reservations. During the time of the expansion of the United States to the present, the Native Americans went through many things so that the United States could expand; they were pushed onto reservations, and forced to give up their culture through the Ideas of Manifest Destiny and Social Darwinism. Despite that, the United States government told the Indians that they would not invade their lands. T hey soon heard that the Indians had fertile land and decided to allow settlers to move west. â€Å"After hearing tales of fertile land and a great mineral wealth in the West, the government soon broke their promises established in the Treaty of Fort Laramie by allowing thousands of non-Indians to flood into the area.†. (Victoriana) To make more land available to the settlers the government had to make reservations that would separate the Indians from the whites. In exchange for the Indians moving toShow MoreRelated Native American Boarding Schools During the Westward Expansion607 Words   |  3 PagesNative American Boarding Schools During the Westward Expansion People know about the conflict between the Indians cultures and the settlers cultures during the westward expansion. Many people know the fierce battles and melees between the Indians and the settlers that were born from this cultural conflict. In spite of this, many people may not know about the systematic and deliberate means employed by the U.S. government to permanently rid their new land of the Indians who had lived theirRead MoreEssay On Manifest Destiny1551 Words   |  7 PagesManifest Destiny was a widely spread belief that settlers in the United States should expand across North America. It was the belief that fueled the westward expansion. The westward expansion led to many other events in and around the United States. Before Manifest Destiny and the westward expansion the French and Indian War and Revolutionary War took place which allowed America to declare independence. Manifest Destiny was a big influence on the evolution of transport and technology. Before weRead MoreEffects Of Westward Expansion715 Words   |  3 PagesWestward expansion was a time of successes and failures, a time celebrations and grief, a time full of life and death but in the end it shaped how America is the way is today. Westward expansion was put in action because of the belief of Manifest Destiny, the belief that it is America fate to expand from the Atlantic to Pacific ocean. The economical, political and humanitarians impacts were necessary to achieve the goal of manifest Destiny and Westward Expansion. Westward Expansion had the biggestRead MoreManifest Destiny1555 Words   |  7 PagesEvolution Of Transportation Manifest Destiny was a widely spread belief that settlers in the United States should expand across North America. It was the belief that fueled the westward expansion. The westward expansion led to many other events in and around the United States. Before Manifest Destiny and the westward expansion the French and Indian War and Revolutionary War took place which allowed America to declare independence. Manifest Destiny was a big influence on the evolution of transport andRead MoreManifest Destiny And Westward Expansion Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pages1) OUTLINE: I. Topic sentence. Manifest destiny and westward expansion was a tremendous key component to the growth of the nation economically because of the impact it had on native americans, women empowerment, and expanding the population of the country. II. Significance of topic. Americans looked towards the western lands as an opportunity for large amounts of free land, for growth of industry, and pursue the manifest destiny. III. List of evidence related to topic. The railwaysRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay735 Words   |  3 Pagesaffect on Modern United States During the mid 1800’s America was at a peak of nationalism, which involved their religious beliefs. Manifest destiny describes the attitude of a white man in America during the 19th century, involving their desire for evangelization, white supremacy, and westward expansion. To a majority of the Americans, manifest destiny was a proud accomplishment they would be faced with. Manifest destiny had a negative impact on the Native Americans, however, it was prosperous forRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesDestiny Westward expansion was a key component that shaped the United States not only geographically, but economically as well. The first sign of any expansion West from the original states was when Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803. The country was in need of new land in order to accommodate for the expanding population. Once the country started to expand, its power soon followed. The nation had a struggle with expanding because of the Native Americans already livingRead MoreThe European Colonization Of Americas 1620-900 Words   |  4 PagesFinal Essay- Prompt Three INTRODUCTION America would not be the same it is today without the numerous times of territorial expansion from the 17th to 19th century. America started with European Colonization in the 17th century, its borders were defined in the 18th century, and America extended from a coast to coast nation in the 19th century. There is not just expansion of land on a physical map, but also increased political tension and economic growth as America grows as a nation. PARAGRAPH 1(EuropeanRead MoreWestward Expansion Of The United States1477 Words   |  6 Pagesnation consisting of only thirteen states. Over time the leaders of this county recognized that in order to prosper the nation would need to expand beyond the current set borders. Westward Expansion was the only solution, to adopt such a large endeavor meant that the population had to have a reason to migrate west. Expansion had appeal to the Southern land owners for the fact that the Missouri Compromise did not affect territories that were not part of the Louisiana Purchase, while those who did notRead MoreManifest Destiny And American Territorial Expansion Essay1323 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as Manifest Destiny. Manifest Destiny and American Territorial Expansion, written by Amy S. Greenburg, deeply explains the motivation of the individuals looking to expand their settlements westward. Since the time of publication, we have realized that we could have handled the situation, in which we removed the inhabitants of the west from their homeland, in a better way. Americans believed that it was their God-given right to expand westward by destroying anything in their path. â€Å"†¦courageous

The American Government Free Essays

string(34) " to enjoy the freedom of worship\." The protection of civil rights and liberties is bestowed upon the government who enforces their enjoyment through appropriate use of the rule of law. It is this balance between the government as a guarantor of civil rights and liberties and the government as a violator of civil rights and liberties that define whether the citizenry will or will not rise against the political structures to safeguard their inviolable and inalienable natural rights and liberties. The struggle for civil freedom and rights has spanned centuries, sometimes with too much bloodshed. We will write a custom essay sample on The American Government or any similar topic only for you Order Now With each passing decade new statutes are passed to safeguard and counteract the new challenges. This paper is a succinct analysis of the government and its role in advancing the visions of human rights and liberties as had been proclaimed by the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. The American Government: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights Civil liberties can be defined as those individual rights held and enjoyed over and against the governments. There is no free society that can exist in the absence of civil liberties. This is the basic distinguishing feature between a free state and a totalitarian where an individual is but a subservient to the state. In such regime, freedom of press, freedom of speech, or the freedom of assembly is non existent and any individual who openly disagrees with the system risks arrest, imprisonment and or execution (Walker 2004). In the context of American culture civil rights is applicable in reference to the Black Americans civil rights struggle which fought for equality for ethnic minorities, people with disabilities, women, gay and lesbian people and other minority groups. Due to the prominence of the fight for civil rights in the United States of America; civil rights are regarded differently from civil liberties. However, it is only proper that the concept of civil rights is regarded as a subsection of civil liberties. Civil liberties therefore cover the right of every individual to fair treatment from the government. On the other hand civil rights sometimes called social rights specifically cover the right of each and every individual to fair treatment from other citizenry as well as from the local governments. The beginning of civil liberties and civil rights can be traced to the signing of the Declaration of Independence which stated that â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal. . . † This was the basic blueprint for future statutes that would prohibit any form of gender and racial discrimination from the public and private sphere. The history of the United States of America is adorned by brave individuals who were able to stand against the authorities of the day and proclaim the Declaration of Independence even when the prices they had to pay for such confrontations was their lives (http://www. u-s-history. com). Civil Rights and Liberties Colonial Period Influenced by the developments in individual freedoms in England, settlers who migrated to America had with them the desire to fight for reforms that would guarantee them religious freedoms, give them rights to property ownership and most importantly protect them from the oppressive arms of the government. The signing of historical documents like the Magna Carta laid the foundation for the institution of revolutionary ideals in the new world. These men had fled Europe because they could not be permitted to freely pursue their social, economic and religious lives. It is not therefore surprising that after settling in America, these colonists wrote charters and documents that established the Republic which was explicitly based on liberties. Some of the most important charters that expressed this desire to be liberated and free were the Massachusetts Body of Liberties drafted in 1641, Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges in 1701 and the New York Charter of Liberties of 1683. The intensification of conflicts in England after 1765, made the new colony realize that the systems of government in England was a threat to all liberties and rights that the new colony cherished (Jillson 2007). This meant that the purposeful stride towards the Declaration of Independence had a jealous motive of preventing the brimming over of tyranny as was witnessed in England into the New colony created with the belief that human rights and liberties was of greater importance. Apart from what was practiced in the English Caste system where women had virtually no choice in life and men had no option but to be locked in their fathers social class, the New world provided an experimental ground for the revolutionary ideals. Early expressions of such ideals began to be seen as early as 1735 when in Philadelphia, an Attorney called Andrew Hamilton successfully defended an accused; John Peter Zenger, against seditious libel charges. At that time criticism of the colonial government was unheard of. Through this successful suit, Hamilton was able to establish via his New York Weekly Journal that the punishment of truthful publications disseminating matters of public concern constituted an infringement on the inalienable rights of citizens (http://www. u-s-history. com). During those early years after the formation of the American Republic, the Sedition Act of 1978 criminalized the publication or utterance of anything that was perceived to be false, malicious or scandalous against the government of the day or its officials. It is because of this statute the Federalists imprisoned Republicans during the administration of John Adams. In recent times such laws would be a clear contravention of the constitution. During this time lifestyles between the three colonial regions in the New World varied greatly. In the North, where only extreme whether prevailed, small family farms were more predominant. Since life was difficult lonely those who could endure the climatic hardships settled. The coming of the Dutch led to the founding of New Amsterdam. This was later on christened as New York. The Society of Friends (Quakers), who were mainly inhabitants of the Mid-Atlantic colonies moved to Pennsylvania and New Jersey where they continued to enjoy the freedom of worship. You read "The American Government" in category "Papers" The Southern Colonies of Maryland, North and South Carolina, Virginia and Georgia became home to wealthy English Settlers. These settlers imported indentured servants from England to work in their farms. With the increase in the number and size and plantations, slave labor from Africa heightened to meet the labor demand. The Southern colonies had extremely large slave laborers that a society of slaves began to develop. By the writing of the Constitution, slavery as a violation of civil liberties was greatly avoided. By 1800, the number of slaves in the United States had reached a peak of nearly nine hundred thousand individuals which were mainly concentrated in the South. To solve the increasing populations of slave trade, the Three-Fifths Compromise was legislated. Because of this statute slavery blossomed for the next 20 years without any hassle whatsoever. Congress came in 1808 to end, slavery and slave trade but the illegal importation was to continue in the Southern States. The Industrial Revolution In the context of civil rights and liberties, the era of industrial revolution acted as an incentive to the formation of organizational entities to fight for the rights of the oppressed laborers. Labor problems began between 1861-1880 with the entry of newly educated women and farmer’s sons into the industrial workplace. As was characteristic with the industrial revolution; overcrowding, sweatshops, poor working conditions, child labor, extremely long hours of work were prevalent in the industrializing Northern States. In quest of better working condition and terms, labor unions sprung. By 1869, the Order of the Knights of Labor was created to increase the negotiation powers of workers through the unionization of all American workers. The period spanning between the 1870s to the 1900s witnessed violent protests against the ills of industrialization. Unions fought for labor law changes, collective bargaining rights, maximum hours in a day’s work and finally minimum wage laws. Even though, there were a variety of unions at this time they did not cater for the rights of blacks due to the occupations occupied by blacks. Moreover, the extent of racial discrimination in these labor unions was so high that even blacks that constituted these unions were unable to improve the working conditions of their brothers in occupations not covered by the labor unions. The formation of National Negro Business League which was then headed by Booker T. Washington encouraged blacks to accept the presence of segregation between them and other races while working towards starting their own business enterprises where they could frequent. Some labor leaders such as Eugene V. Debs, Terrence V. Powdery, Marry Harris Jones and Samuel Gompers even fought for equal level of civil rights that was accorded to the wealthy union leaders such as Andrew Carnegie and J. P. Morgan. It is this initial insistence on equal rights for all that led to the rising of powerful unions like the Congress of Industrial Organization and consequently the pressure to Congress to pass the labor reform laws like the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act with the main objective of eliminating the labor conditions that were detrimental to maintaining minimum living standards crucial for the health, efficiency and the overall well being of the workers. This was the call touted by President F. D. Roosevelt as one of the most important, far reaching and far sighted labor law reforms. It is this Act that created the maximum weekly hours or work as well as the minimum hourly wage by 1945. as years trudged on, some labor leaders engaged in gross abuse of power hence bridling effort to further increase the workers benefits (http://www. u-s-history. com). Ideas and Movements during the Civil War unto Modern Times It should be understood that the cause towards the full enjoyment of the civil rights and civil liberties trudged on decade unto decade albeit at a much more slower pace even though the Declaration of Independence had specifically spelled out these desires. However, the issue of slavery and whether one state would tolerate the practice of the same in border neighbors created a heated struggle thrusting the civil rights movement into the mainstream of American theater. During the civil war the issue of slavery created a disparity between the Southern and Northern States and with this struggle a new fight for the protection of the rights and liberties of the minorities began. Prior to the Civil War a majority of those living in the Southern regions could not afford the labor services of a slave. For this reason they migrated out of the Southern region in search for better opportunities for themselves. Likewise, owners of large plantations also knew that the provision of cheap slave labor would soon dry out, but instead of moving out or changing the nature of their business enterprises; they struggled to promote the existence of slavery. Moreover, the plantation owners believed that slavery was justifiable because it was only through slavery that the economies of the North and the South could be maintained. Since slavery also guaranteed the lifestyle that was led in the South, Southerners generally held no negative view concerning the impacts of slavery on the well being of workers. This was an opposing view to that held by the Northerners who were mainly traders and small farmers. According to them slavery was supposed to be confined to the Southern States arguing that its spread to other territories was undesirable. They were also of the opinion that its existence in the Southern States should also be abolished. Disregarding the economic consequence of the abolition of slavery, they posited that if that was the case then is it. According to them slavery was immoral and it should be dome away with. Their persistent call through very prominent leaders, created the fuel of secession. Even though the Emancipation Proclamation by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 freed slaves, it was only through the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution that slavery was abolished throughout America. The 14th Amendment ensured that freed slaves became entitled to equal protection by the Federal Law. The ratification of the 15th Amendment ensured that all Americans enjoyed the rights to vote irrespective of gender or race. By 1920, the ratification of the 19th Amendment extended voting rights to women. Even though the Emancipation Proclamation explicitly removed all forms of discrimination, the black population was still subject to discrimination in almost all centers of the economy. They could not even be allowed to play in the National Association of Baseball Players despite their self evident talents. Black players were subjected to murder attempts, bomb threats and hate mails. However, as the century turned, the 19th century presented great opportunities for black integration into the American society and the solving of women’s rights issues. The dawn of the 20th century promised great expansions in civil rights and civil liberties. These expansions were to be the yardsticks upon which a new nation would be formed. The transformation in the 20th century was so rapid and tremendous that powerful civil right activists took the mantle from their forefathers to steer the fight for equal rights and liberties to a new level. Such Leaders included Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr, and Rosa Parks. It is only through years of bloodshed and civil arrest that tremendous gains were achieved. Civil Liberties and Rights in the Modern Era. The purpose of the government as a political governance structure is to secure civil rights and liberties. This power is limited to the powers expressed by the citizenry who delegate such powers to the government. The citizenry is by nature more superior to the government and they cannot cede the governments power. This ultimately means that government’s power is extremely low and incomparable to the inviolable rights that individuals possess. This is the concept behind the possession of natural rights which are pre-existing in each and every individual. Since each and every individual possesses pre-existing natural rights, their expression as civil rights in a society must be in congruence with the principle of equality. Americans by nature of their existence are members of a political society governed by a political governance structure. Through elections, the protection of civil rights and liberties is bestowed upon the government who enforces the enjoyment of these rights and liberties through appropriate use of the rule of law. Since the government enjoys the monopoly over the use of coercion or physical force in advancing the virtues and values of the society, the protection of the same ultimately rests with the government. It is this balance between the government as a guarantor of civil rights and liberties and the government as a violator of civil rights and liberties that define whether the citizenry will or will not rise against the political structures to safeguard their natural rights. The vision of natural rights and liberties found its expression in the Declaration of Independence and all the other founding documents (Bolick 1996). Since the United States of America is a Federalist system of government, it is not static in operation. The Constitution which lies at the bedrock of the nation itself is flexible as to allow the Congress, the Supreme Court and the President the chance to institute amendments that are in congruence with the issues of modern society. Initially, the proposed Federalist Constitution ignored the protection of the common citizenry. Since this was a direct affront on the existence of a free and democratic nation, the first Congress quickly made a proposal of twelve amendments. These were then transmitted to the States for comprehensive ratification. By the end of 1971, ten states had ratified the amendments and these amendments became known as the Bill of Rights. The First Amendment granted the freedom of religion which specifically prevented the Congress from creating state sponsored religions thus prohibiting Americans from exercising their freedom to worship. Additionally, these amendments also granted equal freedoms of speech, press and assembly (Pate Napoli 2007). As citizens, who are by their existence members of the political society called a nation, they held some rights, duties and responsibilities. Since the government draws its existence from the people and the Constitution it has the responsibility of protecting the fundamental rights and liberties under the common law. During the ratification of the Constitution, delegates relied on the promise of the Congress to protect the rights and liberties of individuals in the face of a government intent on abusing these inalienable rights and liberties (Strausser 2004). Despite the belief that the Constitution effectively provided for almost everything in the amendments that were to constitute the Bill of Rights, congressional delegates went on and ratified the amendments that form the basis of civil rights and civil liberties. These two are definitively distinguishable but their distinctions are not usually clear cut and a variety of issues affect both hence their erroneous exchangeability. The Second Amendment guaranteed the liberty to store and bear arms as a form of state militia who could be relied upon for security reasons should a state of emergency arise. Currently, this amendment is exhibited by the presence of the National Guard. The 1700s was ripe with troops being stationed in American homes. To safeguard the citizenry from any future hosting of troops in homes without personal consent, the Congress passed the Third Amendment which prohibited the stationing of troops in personal homes. The protection of those accused of criminal acts was enshrined under the Fourth Amendment, Fifth Amendment and the Sixth Amendment. The Fourth specifically protects against unwarranted searches by the government. A warrant of search can only be issued by the court to the law enforcement agencies if they satisfy the conditions for the warrant. If a search was done without the courts recognition of a probable cause, then evidences gathered from the search can not constitute prosecutor evidence in the Courts (Strausser 2004). In this post modern era, the preservation of civil rights and liberties remains an important instrument for maintaining our democratic health, particularly under the current threats of national security and patriotism. The government as the main instrument of change must never lose these essential rights as these are democratic tenets that hold American as the greatest nation in the world. Every single citizen has the right to equal legal treatment. All people regardless of the fact that they may not be American citizens have the right to all essential civil rights and civil liberties. America through its government holds the power of ensuring that all nations in the world progress towards an apex of a free and democratic society. In fulfilling this promise, the government may pursue policies aimed at granting all world citizens the rights to fairness and justice based on the presumption of innocence. Rights to freedom and privacy from searches and seizures in the absence of warrants, freedom of speech, assembly and discrimination based on religion, ethnicity, race, national origin, political beliefs or gender. Since the tragic September 11 attacks, America created a new statute; The Patriots Act, which has been instrumental in fundamentally violating civil rights and liberties of citizens and non citizens alike. That is the reason why, the government and the general citizenry and called upon to engage in worthwhile introspection and stand up with enough courage to uphold age old values of liberty, democracy and universal justice in the face of modern challenges. References Bolick, Clint. (1996). The Affirmative Action Fraud: Can We Restore the American Civil Rights Vision? Cato Institute, p. 27-28 History of Civil Rights in America. http://www. u-s-history. com/pages/h2871. html Jillson, Cal. (2007). American Government: Political Change and Institutional Development. Routledge Press. Pate, S. Napoli, T. (2004). CSET: Social Science: Social Science. John Wiley and Sons. Strausser, J. (2004). Painless American Government. Barron’s Educational Series Walker, S. (2004). Civil Liberties in America: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. How to cite The American Government, Papers

Frozen and Pacific Oceans Management †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Frozen and Pacific Oceans Management. Answer: Introduction: In this article it is stated how fur trade was one of the primary commercial activities throughout the world in the 17th to mid-19th Century. The trade began as the need of fur products were increasing in Canada and the beaver fur was in high demand for its quality and durability. Thus developed a trade relationship between the North Americans and the Europeans, which even moved beyond just only trade. the intensely competitive trade opened the continent to exploration and settlement, financed missionary work, established social, economic and colonial relationships between Europeans andIndigenous people, and played a formative role in the creation of Canada.[1] Thus the fur trade had an important role in the formation of Canada. The women had been the essential part of the labor strength. This work is exemplary in terms getting a firsthand experience about what it was to participate in the fur trade across the continents through the oceans. The oceans were cold and the voyage was not a very easy one. The author gives detailed account of the nature of fur trade and how it was carried out across the coast in his books. Women took several important roles in the whole system. Native women acted as essential producers in the fur trade of the Canadian and American Plains.[2] The production had been mainly dependent on the women labor. The women also played important role in the ships which carried out the whole business. This article focuses on four Native women who were Christian converts and married French fur traders.[3] Therefore, there was a role of religion and politics in the fur trade scenario as well. The foreign invaders were coming and not only colonializing America but also converting the women and marrying them. The wives of the French fur traders took important role in the trading activities. The indigenous communities were changed forever by the introduction of trade and religious conversion. In essence the history of the early Canadian West is the history of fur trade.[4] The author has stated fur trade was the most important factor in structuring the narrative of what are the four western provinces of Canada today. There was less violence in the western Canada in the struggle of the colonials and the natives, this is because the both communities had to depend on each other for managing the fur trade. The women who were native Indians, were married to the French colonialists. This created a relationship that was beyond just trading activities. The women hence were a factor who bridged the gap between the colonial foreigners and the native Indians. Possibly the greatest significant native job achieved by the females at the fur trade stakes was to deliver the men with a stable resource of Indian shoes or moccasins. The author has contemplated upon the role of the Indian, White, and mixed blood women played in the development of the fur trade and thus gained valuable insights upon the human dimension and its changes affected by the fur trade. The fur trade was carried out both in the land routes and the sea routes, however the sea route of the trade was more established. The women had been in many areas decision makers about the fur trade activities. The authors have explained that the primary way in which information about the role of women in fur trade can be derived are from traders journals, letters and wills. of fur-merchandise exchanges between European men and native men, with women playing a largely subsidiary role.[5] The title of the article has a humorous way of describing how the women of the North American continent had been engrossed in the fur trade activity that they were married to the beavers. The article describes the pattern of life of the indigenous Indian women had before the coming of the Europeans and the contemporary life when the Europeans started pouring into America, started religious conversions and engaging the native people into the trading activities. The women were used as cheap labor pool, and they were utilized to work manually in extracting the fur, and processing those. This is one of many letters that Charlevoix wrote to a correspondent at Paris to try to convey what the New World was like. He was refined and well-educated, and his letters are marked by charm, grace and humor. He went on to write a multi-volume history of New France based on interviews with traders and priests and on unpublished records, which remains one of our best historical sources on early Wisconsin. This particular letter gives us clear insights about the activities going on in the North American scenario and describes the native peoples role in the fur trade, and description of the fur trade. The women were used as laborers and the steps of fur processing included peeling, tanning, cleaning and sorting all of which were labor intensive jobs that required lots of patience. The letter has a lots of details about the fur industry and about various processes it included. The letter talks in details about the North American Indians and Aboriginals, these people were mostly used for the purpose of the trading activities. The women of Aboriginal origin were the connection between the old systems with the new systems that were to be introduced. The women also provided the necessary knowledge about the land, and the directed the traders to the necessary resources. Children of native tribes were sent to Eastern areas of Canada and in Europe for education. They not only engaged in fur tra de but also became the middlemen who assisted the missionaries and the preachers to preach the teachings of the Catholicism of Roman Catholic Church in the land. Not only the aboriginal women but also the European women who had been accompanying their husbands also had taken part in various trade activities. A few French wives may have ventured west with their trapper husbands, and some Hudson's Bay Company officials brought their wives from Europe. [7] The above study of various literatures, articles, books, journals, and other sources have given a clear knowledge about where were the various scenarios of trade in North America and Europe that had allowed intercontinental and overseas trade activities, and it has also given a clear indication about the role of women in the fur trade activities. The women played a very important role in not only providing manual, labor but also providing necessary managerial skills, the managerial activities were mainly performed by the wives of the European traders who accompanied them when they visited the North American land. In the land trade, the Indian women had been assisting the traders with their knowledge about locations, and then providing manual labors to help the traders in processing their products. The European women who had accompanied their husbands had helped in various decision making processes and other managerial works required to perform the fur trade activities across the continents nicely. In the land trade, the Indian women had been assisting the traders with their knowledge about locations, and then providing manual labors to help the traders in processing their products. The European women who had accompanied their husbands had helped in various decision making processes and other managerial works required to perform the fur trade activities across the continents nicely. The fur trade in itself was a very important factor in the development of Canada as a country. It had shaped the history of the Canadian nation, as people from the European countries who were mainly traders were settling down in the Canadian area. The trade activity was carried out often from Montreal and through the Pacific. Reference: Canadahistoryproject.ca. "Canada A Country By Consent: New France: Fur Trade 1500S-1700S".Canadahistoryproject.Ca. https://www.canadahistoryproject.ca/1663/1663-05-fur-trade.html, (2018). Mackenzie, Alexander.Voyages from Montreal, on the River St. Laurence, Through the Continent of North America, to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans; in the Years 1789 and 1793: With a Preliminary Account of the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the Fur Trade of that Country.: Illustrated with Maps. T. Cadell, Jun. and W. Davies... Cobbett and Morgan... and W. Creech, at Edinburgh, (1801). Sleeper-Smith, Susan. "Women, kin, and Catholicism: new perspectives on the fur trade."Ethnohistory47, no. 2 (2000): 423-452. Van Kirk, Sylvia. "The role of native women in the fur trade society of western Canada, 1670-1830."Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies(1984): 9-13. Van Kirk, Sylvia.Many tender ties: women in fur-trade society, 1670-1870. University of Oklahoma Press, (1983). White, Bruce M. "The woman who married a beaver: trade patterns and gender roles in the Ojibwa fur trade."Ethnohistory(1999): 109-147. Wisconsinhistory.org. "Letter Charlevoix, Pierre Franois Xavier De [On His 1721 Visit To Wisconsin] | Turning Points In Wisconsin History | Wisconsin Historical Society".Wisconsinhistory.Org. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/search.asp?id=17. (2018)